Ofelya Sargsyan - Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE): Idea, History, Challenges

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Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Bibliothek

Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet ber http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar

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Rangendingen, December 2015

by LIBERTAS - Europisches Institut GmbH

LIBERTAS Europisches Institut GmbH

Lindenweg 37, 72414 Rangendingen, Germany

Tel. +49 7471 984996-0, Fax +49 7471 984996-19

eMail:

Internet: www.libertas-institut.com

ISBN 978-3-946119-73-9 (print)

ISBN 978-3-946119-74-6 (epub)

ISBN 978-3-946119-75-3 (MobiPocket)

ISBN 978-3-946119-76-0 (pdf)

Table of Contents

Introduction

The OSCE has 57 participating states from Europe, Central Asia, and North America, and its area spans from Vancouver to Vladivostok. August 1, 2015 mark ed the 40 th anniversary of the Helsinki Final Act. Since the signing of this agreement, the relevance of the OSCE in the European security architecture has only increased. To understand how it functions, how it is perceived today by the participating states and what their key issues with regard to the organization are, i t is necessary to see how it started.

The OSCE has 57 participating States from Europe, Central Asia and North America:

Albania Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Finland Germany Hungary Italy Latvia Luxembourg Monaco Norway Romania Serbia Spain Tajikistan Turkmenistan United States

Andorra Azerbaijan Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Denmark France Greece Iceland Kazakhstan Liechtenstein Malta Montenegro Poland Russian Federation Slovakia Sweden The F ormer Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Ukraine

Uzbekistan Armenia Belarus Bulgaria Cyprus Estonia Georgia Ireland Kyrgyzstan Lithuania Moldova Mongolia Netherlands Portugal San Marino Slovenia Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom

Source: OSCE Factsheet

Budgethistory

Since 1993, the OSCE's budget by year (in millions of euros,) has been:

2015 ... 141.1 million 2014 ... 142.3 million 2013 ... 144.8 million 2012 ... 148.4 million 2011 ... 150.0 million 2010 ... 150.7 million 2009 ... 158.6 million 2008 ... 164.1 million

2007 ... 186.2 million 2006 ... 186.2 million 2005 ... 186.6 million 2004 ... 180.8 million 2003 ... 165.5 million 2002 ... 167.5 million 2001 ... 194.5 million 2000 ... 202.7 million

1999 ... 146.1 million 1998 ... 118.7 million 1997 ... 43.3 million 1996 ... 34.9 million 1995 ... 18.9 million 1994 ... 21 million 1993 ... 12 million

Summits of heads of State and Government

Summit	Date	Place	Decisions
I	30.07 - 01.08.1975	Helsinki	Closing of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). Signing of the Final Act (Helsinki Act) .
II	19 - 21.11.1990	Paris	(Second CSCE Summit). Signing of the Charter of Paris for a New Europe (Paris Charter), the Vienna Confidence and Security Building Measures (CSBM) Document and the CFE Treaty.
III	09 - 1992	Helsinki	Final Document: The Challenges of Change . Creation of the High Commissioner on National Minorities, the Forum for Security Co-operation and the Economic Forum . Suspension of FR Yugoslavia from membership.
IV	- 0 1994	Budapest	Final Document: Towards a Genuine Partnership in a New Era . Approval of a multi-national peace-keeping force to Nagorno-Karabakh . Endorsement of the Code of Conduct on politico-military aspects of security.
V	02 - 03 . 1996	Lisbon	(First OSCE Summit). Lisbon Declaration on a Common and Comprehensive Security Model for Europe for the Twenty-First Century . Adoption of a Framework for Arms Control .
VI	1819.11.1999	Istanbul	Signing of the Istanbul Document and the Charter for European Security .
VII	0102.12.2010	Astana	Adoption of the Astana Commemorative Declaration , which reconfirms the Organization's comprehensive approach to security based on trust and transparency.

The History and Significance of the OSCE

Origins

Following World War II, Europe was divided between theSoviet-led bloc of communist regimes installed in countries it had occupied at the end of the war, grouped together as military allies in the Warsaw Pact; the U.S.-led North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) seeking to contain the spread of communism; and several neutral states.

Since the 1950s, the Soviet Union had advocated holding an a ll-European conference to put a political end to World War II by resolving the "German question," with the goal of ratifying the postwar status quo established in Eastern Europe.

The United States and most of its NATO allies were oppos ed to a conference with such an agenda. The U.S. countered with a proposal for holding a conference between NATO and the Warsaw Pact states dealing with "hard" arms control in Europe, especially reductions of conventional military forces.

On the Way totheHelsinkiFinal Act of 1975

In 1969, neutral Finland offered to host a conference on European security . NATO responded to the Finnish proposal by suggesting that the agenda of a European security conference s hould also include prior notification of military maneuvers and fre er movement of people and ideas across the Cold War divide.

From1972-73in Helsinki preparatory meetings forConference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)were launched with 35 delegations including: the U.S., Canada, and all the states of Europe, with the exception of Albania. These states tended to gather into three major groups, reflecting the existing political alignments at the time:

Warsaw Pact

NATO / European Community

Neutral / Nonaligned

The preparatory meeting s resulted in a detailed outline of the practical organizational arrangements for the conference.

1973-1975 was the working phaseofnegotiations during which the issues were grouped into three major baskets , also referred to as dimensions of security :

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