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Michel Christian - Planning in Cold War Europe: Competition, Cooperation, Circulations (1950s-1970s)

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Michel Christian Planning in Cold War Europe: Competition, Cooperation, Circulations (1950s-1970s)

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The idea of planning economy and engineering social life has often been linked with Communist regimes will of control. However, the persuasion that social and economic processes could and should be regulated was by no means limited to them. Intense debates on these issues developed already during the First World War in Europe and became globalized during the World Economic crisis.During the Cold War, such discussions fuelled competition between two models of economic and social organisation but they also revealed the convergences and complementarities between them. This ambiguity, so often overlooked in histories of the Cold War, represents the central issue of the book organized around three axes.First, it highlights how know-how on planning circulated globally and were exchanged by looking at international platforms and organizations. The volume then closely examines specificities of planning ideas and projects in the Communist and Capitalist World. Finally, it explores East-West channels generated by exchanges around issues of planning which functioned irrespective of the Iron Curtain and were exported in developing countries.The volume thus contributes to two fields undergoing a process of profound reassessment: the history of modernisation and of the Cold War.

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Michel Christian, Sandrine Kott, Ondej Matjka (Eds.)
Planning in Cold War Europe
Rethinking the Cold War
Planning in Cold War Europe Competition Cooperation Circulations 1950s-1970s - image 1
Edited by Kirsten Bnker and Jane Curry
Volume 2
Published with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation ISBN - photo 2
Published with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation.
ISBN 978-3-11-052656-1
e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-053469-6
e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-053240-1
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110534696
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons - photo 3
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018948744
Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie;
detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.
2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Cover image: right: Picture on a Slovak box of matches from the 1950s author unkonwn left: Stamp printed in 1984. Ninth plan 19841989: to modernize France. drawn by Rmy Peignot, la poste
www.degruyter.com
Acknowledgements
This book grew out of a research project funded by the Swiss National Fund Competing Modernities, Shared Modernities, Europe between East and West (1920s-1970s). The contributions published in this volume were discussed during a workshop that was made possible thanks to the generous support of the University of Geneva and the Swiss National Fund.
The transformation of the stimulating debates that took place during the conference into a collective volume was greatly assisted by an important number of our colleagues, to whom we would like to express our gratitude.
First of all, during the workshop, we greatly benefited from insightful and inspiring remarks by Alexander Ntzenadel (Humboldt Universitt Berlin), Lorenzo Mechi (University of Padova), Michel Alacevich (University of Bologna), Sara Lorenzini (University of Trento), Corinna Unger (EUI, Florence), Malgorzata Mazurek (Columbia University), Michal Pullmann (Charles University) and Pl Germuska (EUI, Florence).
We wish to thank the authors of the contributions to this book for their timely cooperation and their openness to our comments, which allowed for the efficient preparation of a coherent collective volume.
Two anonymous reviewers provided us with encouraging, as well as very constructive remarks, which helped us to substantially improve the first version of the manuscript. We are very grateful for the time and energy they both invested in their careful review of our texts.
Ian Copestake played a substantial role in the transformation of our nationally-coloured versions of the English language into a more consistent ensemble from a linguistic point of view.
Last but not least, we want to express our gratitude to Kirsten Bnker, who accepted this project with great enthusiasm, and to editors Elise Wintz and Rabea Rittgerodt as well, who, with friendly insistence, kept encouraging us to navigate the writing and revision process smoothly and rapidly.
Michel Christian, Sandrine Kott, Ondej Matjka
Michel Christian, Sandrine Kott, Ondej Matjka
Planning in Cold War Europe: Introduction
There exists no alternative to economic planning. There is, therefore, no case to be made for or against economic planning, for or against free enterprise or free trade. Ever more State intervention and economic planning is part of the historical trends.... In reality, it was never, and is certainly not now, a choice. It is a destiny.(Gunnar Myrdal)
The conclusion of Gunnar Myrdals Ludwig Mond lecture in Manchester in 1950 makes clear that the concept of economic planning was firmly impressed on the mental maps of an influential segment of the European intellectual elite in the early postwar years. The charismatic economist (a Nobel Prize laureate in 1974), sociologist, politician and international civil servant was part of a transnational milieu of publicly engaged academicians, mainly from Europe. As faithful followers of the Enlightenment ethos, they believed in (social) science as the key tool for the improvement of society. Myrdal and his wife Alva appropriated the post-World War Two infrastructure of international organizations, considering it to be an excellent springboard for bringing their reformist ambitions closer to reality. The husband and wife team became transnational symbols of this conviction and were portrayed as the most popular Swedes, downright charged by the United Nations with the task of saving the world. The principle of rational planning was a cornerstone of their thought and action.
Recent, and widely acclaimed, historical works have confirmed the extent of the influence that leaders like the Myrdals (and their ideas on planning) had on the continental and global level. Tony Judt described it in eloquent terms in his magisterial Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945 where he labelled economic planning as the political religion of European elites after 1945.
These works confirm the centrality of planning thought in the postwar period. However, the widespread appeal of faith in planning must not hide the fact that there were many conceptions of planning and that the notion was and still is both ambiguous and malleable. Planning had a long history and contained many layers. Its earliest use dates to the eighteenth century and the building of cities and roads. It expanded to bureaucratic settings, and the coordination or control of individuals actions. Planning authorities, planning committees and planning consultants became everyday expressions at the turn of the twentieth century.
Economic planning represents a particularly important sub-field of this type of research. It was in the 1930s when planning began to be widely used in relation to national economic activity. By the early 1960s, the rise of economic planning thought and practice in the economic field had been identified by economists such as Myrdal and Jan Tinbergen as a secular trend, which had originated at the end of the nineteenth century and which was reinforced by specific historical circumstances like wars, crises, and revolutions. Economic planning brought new technical meanings to the initial notion of planning. It introduced distinctions between planning as a stage in policy process, as an accounting and budgetary tool, and as a reflection on intended and unintended consequences of the management of various decisions. In the latter case, it had a feedback effect on social planning which mimicked a large range of practices elaborated by economic planning.
Since the end of the Cold War, historians have interpreted the period stretching from the 1890s to the late 1970s as a distinct era in global history, characterized by a shared belief in the benefits of planned modernity and development. Ulrich Herbert and the historians inspired by his insights into Europe in the age of High Modernity Nevertheless, the rise of various historical forms of economic planning, as well as the making and circulation of planning models, has not yet been the target of systematic research. From state intervention during the World Wars One and Two, through Gosplan , the New Deal and Nazi Zentralplanung , the different models of economic planning have all been studied separately.
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