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Werner Sollors (editor) - Blacks at Harvard: A Documentary History of African-American Experience At Harvard and Radcliffe

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The history of blacks at Harvard mirrors, for better or for worse, the history of blacks in the United States. Harvard, too, has been indelibly scarred by slavery, exclusion, segregation, and other forms of racist oppression. At the same time, the nations oldest university has also, at various times, stimulated, supported, or allowed itself to be influenced by the various reform movements that have dramatically changed the nature of race relations across the nation. The story of blacks at Harvard is thus inspiring but painful, instructive but ambiguousa paradoxical episode in the most vexing controversy of American life: the race question.
The first and only book on its subject, Blacks at Harvard is distinguished by the rich variety of its sources. Included in this documentary history are scholarly overviews, poems, short stories, speeches, well-known memoirs by the famous, previously unpublished memoirs by the lesser known, newspaper accounts, letters, official papers of the university, and transcripts of debates. Among Harvards black alumni and alumnae are such illustrious figures as W.E.B. Du Bois, Monroe Trotter, and Alain Locke; Countee Cullen and Sterling Brown both received graduate degrees. The editors have collected here writings as diverse as those of Booker T. Washington, William Hastie, Malcolm X, and Muriel Snowden to convey the complex ways in which Harvard has affected the thinking of African Americans and the ways, in turn, in which African Americans have influenced the traditions of Harvard and Radcliffe.
Notable among the contributors are significant figures in African American letters: Phyllis Wheatley, William Melvin Kelley, Marita Bonner, James Alan McPherson and Andrea Lee. Equally prominent in the book are some of the nations leading historians: Carter Woodson, Rayford Logan, John Hope Franklin, and Nathan I. Huggins. A vital sourcebook, Blacks at Harvard is certain to nourish scholarly inquiry into the social and intellectual history of African Americans at elite national institutions and serves as a telling metaphor of this nations past.

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About NYU Press
A publisher of original scholarship since its founding in 1916, New York University Press Produces more than 100 new books each year, with a backlist of 3,000 titles in print. Working across the humanities and social sciences, NYU Press has award-winning lists in sociology, law, cultural and American studies, religion, American history, anthropology, politics, criminology, media and communication, literary studies, and psychology.
BLACKS AT HARVARD
BLACKS AT HARVARD
A Documentary History of African-American Experience at Harvard and Radcliffe
EDITED BY
Werner Sollors,
Caldwell Titcomb, and
Thomas A. Underwood
WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
Randall Kennedy
NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS New York and London 0814779735 Copyright 1993 by New - photo 1
NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS
New York and London
0814779735
Copyright 1993 by New York University Press
All rights reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Blacks at Harvard: a documentary history of African-American experience at Harvard and Radcliffe / edited by Werner Sollors, Caldwell Titcomb, and Thomas A. Underwood; with an introduction by Randall Kennedy.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8147-7972-7 (alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-8147-7973-5
(pbk.: alk. paper)
1. Harvard University--History--Sources. 2. Afro-Americans--Education (Higher)--Massachusetts--History--Sources. 3. United States--Race relations--History--Sources. 4. Radcliffe College--History--Sources. I. Sollors, Werner. II. Titcomb, Caldwell. III. Underwood, Thomas A.
LD2151.B57 1993 92-27074
378.7444--dc20 CIP
New York University Press books are printed on acid-free paper, and their binding materials are chosen for strength and durability.
Manufactured in the United States of America.
c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
p 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To the memory of Nathan Irvin Huggins
(19271989)
CONTENTS
Randall Kennedy
Caldwell Titcomb
THEODORE PARSONS AND ELIPHALET PEARSON
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Randall Kennedy in 1990
Randall Kennedy in 1990 INTRODUCTION BLACKS AND THE RACE QUESTION AT - photo 2
Randall Kennedy in 1990
INTRODUCTION: BLACKS AND THE RACE QUESTION AT HARVARD
RANDALL KENNEDY
The history of blacks at Harvard mirrors, for better or for worse, the history of blacks in the United States. Harvard, too, has been indelibly scarred by slavery, exclusion, segregation, and other forms of racist oppression. At the same time, the nations oldest university has also supported and allowed itself to be influenced by the various reform movements that have dramatically changed the nature of race relations across the nation. The story of blacks at Harvard is thus inspiring but painful, instructive but ambiguousa paradoxical episode in the most vexing controversy of American life: the race question.
The evolution of the race question at Harvard is tellingly displayed by the documents that have been collected here by Werner Sollors, Caldwell Titcomb, and Thomas A. Underwood. Two salient characteristics distinguish the collection. The first is the rich variety of its sources. Included in this documentary history are scholarly overviews, poems, short stories, speeches, well-known memoirs by the famous, previously unpublished memoirs by the lesser known, newspaper accounts, letters, official papers of the university, and transcripts of debates. The editors bring to their compilation persons as diverse as Booker T. Washington, Monroe Trotter, William Hastie, Malcolm X, and Muriel Snowden to convey the complex and various ways in which Harvard has affected the thinking of African Americans and the ways, in turn, in which African Americans have influenced the traditions of Harvard and Radcliffe. Notable among the contributors are significant figures in African-American letters: Phillis Wheatley, Alain Locke, Sterling Brown, Counte Cullen, Marita Bonner, James Alan McPherson, and Andrea Lee. Equally salient are some of the nations leading historians: W.E.B. Du Bois, Rayford Logan, John Hope Franklin, and Nathan I. Huggins.
The second noteworthy characteristic of the collection is its lack of sentimentality. The editors have made no attempt to hide or minimize embarrassments or conflicts, regardless of the actors involved. The result is a sourcebook that brings readers closeperhaps on occasion uncomfortably closeto a history that is full of painful tensions.
The documents that constitute Blacks at Harvard can usefully be divided into three periods: (1) the era during which Harvard excluded virtually all African Americans from participation in the intellectual life of the school; (2) the era during which Harvard admitted a small number of black students, excluded black teachers, and generally relegated the race question to the margins of the universitys consciousness; and (3) the era during which the numbers of black students at Harvard rose dramatically, black scholars emerged as a small but discernible presence on the faculty, and the race question became not only a central and burning issue, but also an issue institutionalized to a considerable degree through the creation of an Afro-American Studies Department.
I
African Americans affected life at Harvard long before they came to the campus as students or professors. As Emory J. West notes in his essay, Harvard and the Black Man, 1636-1850, the university reaped considerable benefits from the slave trade, which was, throughout much of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, a major pillar of New Englands commerce. Students and professors at Harvard owned slaves (including at least two presidents of the university, Increase Mather and Benjamin Wadsworth). And students and professors helped to justify the peculiar institution. In his essay The Black Presence at Harvard, Caldwell Titcomb attributes to Dean Henry Eustis the statement that blacks are little above beasts, and quotes Dean Nathaniel Shaler as declaring that blacks were unfit for an independent place in a civilized state. Yet, it is a student who earns the dubious distinction of having uttered the most memorable example of racist, pro-slavery advocacy in the documents that follow. At A Forensic Dispute on the Legality of Enslaving the Africans, Held at the Public Commencement [of Harvard College] in Cambridge, New-England, (Boston, 1773), a graduating senior, defending slavery, asked revealingly: [W]ho I beseech you, ever thought the consent of a child, an ideot, or a madman necessary to his subordination? Every whit as immaterial, is the consent of these miserable Africans, whose real character seems to be a compound of the three last mentioned. What can avail his consent, who through ignorance of the means necessary to promote his happiness, is rendered altogether incapable of choosing for himself?
Although many members of the Harvard community either defended or tolerated slavery (with all of the damaging intellectual and moral implications flowing from such positions), some did play outstanding roles in the antislavery campaign. Latin Professor Charles Beck, for instance, aided runaway slaves, going so far as to put a trap door on the second floor of his residence (now Warren House, the home of the Harvard English Department) to help fugitives moving north on the Underground Railroad. The most prominent fact, however, about Harvard and its relationship with black Americans prior to the Civil War, is that, by and large, the university firmly shut its doors to African Americans. For a brief moment in 1850, it seemed that that tradition would change. In that year, the Harvard Medical School admitted three black students: Daniel Laing, Jr., Isaac H. Snowden, and Martin R. Delany. Yet this break with tradition was short-lived. The Medical School administration expelled the blacks at the end of their first session of classes because of pressure exerted by white students opposed to the blacks presence. Explaining the Medical Schools action, Dean Oliver Wendell Holmes (the father of Justice Holmes) maintained that the intermixing of the white and black races in their lecture rooms is distasteful to a large portion of the class and injurious to the interests of the school.
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