Benjamin Pogrund - Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe: New Reflections

Benjamin Pogrund

Information for this chapter is drawn chiefly from my book Sobukwe and Apartheid , published in 1990 by Peter Halban Publishers, London; Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and Jonathan Ball Publishers, Johannesburg. It is now in its third edition, issued by Jonathan Ball Publishers as Robert Sobukwe: How Can Man Die Better .

Inaugural Address, in Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe, Speeches of Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe, 19491959 (PAC, 2010).

Ibid.

I was allowed six visits to Sobukwe during his first year on the island. He and I had no illusions about the reason for this. We believed the microphone was in the ceiling above us. My conclusion was that the government wanted to decide what to do with him and needed to know his thinking. He repeatedly made it abundantly clear: the moment he was free he would resume work to destroy white supremacy. He knew he was dooming himself to imprisonment.

Kwanele Sosibo, Mail & Guardian , 2430 August 2018.

Benzi Ka-Soko, City Press , 15 July 2018.

Thando Sipuye, Robert Sobukwe Foundation, Graaff-Reinet, date uncertain, 2018.

Conversation, Johannesburg, 5 July 2018.

I donated my collection of documents to the library.

Jaki Seroke, Sunday Independent , 25 February 2018.

Kenneth Mokgatlhe, The New Age , 27 February 2018.

Tebogo Brown, letters to the editor, The Star , 2 March 2018.

Azande Ralephenya, Sowetan , 22 March 2018.

Baldwin Ndaba, Therese Owen, Masego Panyane, Rabbie Serumula and Janet Smith (eds), The Black Consciousness Reader (Jacana, 2018).

Xolisa Phillip, Forgotten heroes deliver a timely lesson on struggle, Business Day , 11 April 2018.

Panashe Chigumadzi, Sunday Times , 21 June 2018.

Lindani Ngcobo, letters to the editor, Sunday Times , 1 July 2018.

Thando Sipuye, Sunday Independent , 29 April 2018.

The Star , 4 July 2018.

Conversation, Johannesburg, 20 June 2018.

N Barney Pityana

Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe, Speeches of Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe, 19491959 (PAC, 2010). All quotations from Sobukwe in this chapter are taken from this source.

Benjamin Pogrund, Robert Sobukwe: How Can Man Die Better , third edition (Jonathan Ball Publishers, 2015).

erial post as minister of home affairs. The GNU was dissolved in 1996. Mbeki also invited Mosibudi Mangena of Azapo to join the cabinet.

Mgwebi Snail, The Black Consciousness Movement in South Africa: A Product of the Entire Black World, Historia Actual Online , no 15 (winter 2008), pp 5168. Available at citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.630.4779&rep=rep1&type=pdf, accessed on 20 June 2019.

Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, Preamble. Available at www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/SAConstitution-web-eng.pdf, accessed on 20 June 2019.

Steve Biko, I Write What I Like (Picador Africa, 2004).

Claudelle von Eck

during the apartheid era. It was designed specifically for conditions encountered in the South African Border War (Wikipedia).

The victim may take up to 20 minutes to die, suffering severe burns in the process. (Wikipedia)

The World Bank, Overcoming Poverty and Inequality in South Africa: An Assessment of Drivers, Constraints and Opportunities, March 2018. Available at documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/530481521735906534/pdf/124521-REV-OUO-South-Africa-Poverty-and-Inequality-Assessment-Report-2018-FINAL-WEB.pdf, accessed on 30 July 2019.

M Gannon, Race is a social construct, scientists argue, LiveScience, 5 February 2016. Available at www.scientificamerican.com/article/race-is-a-social-construct-scientists-argue/, accessed on 20 June 2019.

When I was being groomed to take over as CEO of the IIA SA, my predecessor and I decided that I would benefit from coaching. We settled on one of the lecturers at the Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS), a leading South African business school.

1 Peter 3:7.

In 2014, I found myself struggling to cope with a perfect storm of crises. My nutritionist referred me to a coach who takes an integrated approach, including working on the rewiring of ones neural pathways, to reverse the damages of the past.

Although apartheid existed before HF Verwoerd became prime minister, his efforts to place it on a firmer legal and theoretical footing, in particular his opposition to even the limited form of integration known as baasskap (literally, boss-ship), have led him to be dubbed the architect of apartheid.

Sean Cooper, Feel inferior to others? 8 Signs of an Inferiority Complex, no date. Available at shynesssocielanxiety.com/inferioritycomplex/, accessed on 20 June 2019.

See Clark McKown and Michael Strambler, Developmental antecedents and social and academic consequences of stereotype-consciousness in middle childhood, Child Development , vol 80, no 6 (November/December 2009), pp 16431659.

Alexandra Ossola, How discrimination changes your brain, Vice Health, 21 March 2017. Available at tonic.vice.com/en_us/article/qkmna7/how-discrimination-changes-your-brain, accessed on 20 June 2019.

EA Pascoe and LS Richman, Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review, Psychological Bulletin , vol 135, no 4 (2009), pp 531554.

April D Thames, Toxic exposure: The impact of racial inequality on the brain, Psychology Benefits Society, 2 September 2014. Available at psychologybenefits.org/2014/09/02/toxic-exposure-the-impact-of-racial-inequality-on-the-brain/, accessed on 20 June 2019.

Ibid.

LL Barnes, TT Lewis, CT Begeny, L Yu, DA Bennett and RS Wilson, Perceived discrimination and cognition in older African Americans, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , vol 18, no 5 (2012), pp 856865; see also AD Thames, CH Hinkin, DA Byrd, RM Bilder, KJ Duff, MR Mindt, A Arentoft and V Streiff, Effects of stereotype threat, perceived discrimination, and examiner race on neuropsychological performance: Simple as black and white? Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , vol 19, no 5 (2013), pp 583593.

CV Nguyen-Robertson, The neuroscience of racism: science and stories, Inspiring Victoria, 6 October 2018. Available at inspiringvictoria.org.au/2018/10/06/the-neuroscience-of-racism-science-and-stories/, accessed on 20 June 2019.

Ibid.

B Major and JW Kunstman, Suspicion in interracial interactions: using measures of cardiovascular reactivity to index threat, in DS Belle Derks and Naomi Ellemers (eds), Neuroscience of Prejudice and Intergroup Relations , pp 321322 (Psychology Press, 2013).

AJ Golby, JD Gabrieli, JY Chiao and JL Eberhardt, Differential responses in the fusiform region to same-race and other-race faces, Nature Neuroscience , vol 4 (2001), pp 845850.

F Sheng and S Han, Manipulations of cognitive strategies and intergroup relationships reduce the racial bias in empathic neural responses, NeuroImage , vol 61, no 4 (2012), pp 786797.

of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol 90, no 2 (February 2005), E2.

Data from The Heart and Stroke Foundation South Africa website, www.heartfoundation.co.za/.

Adam Habib and Alexandra Leisegang

Benjamin Pogrund, Robert Sobukwe: How Can Man Die Better , third edition (Jonathan Ball Publishers, 2015).

uilding, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2017. Available at www.polity.org.za/print-version/sa-justice-dikgang-moseneke-address-by-wits-chancellor-during-the-naming-of-the-robert-sobukwe-building-university-of-witswatersrand-johannesburg-17092017-2017-09-18, accessed on 21 June 2019.

Derek Hook, A threatening personification of freedom or: Sobukwe and repression, Safundi , vol 17, no 2 (2016), p 205.