Anthony J. Whitten - Ecology of Java & Bali

Copyright 1996 Dalhousie University

All maps in this edition copyright 1996 Periplus Editions

All rights reserved

Published by Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd.

ISBN: 978-1-4629-0504-1 (ebook)

Publisher: Eric Oey

Design: Pete Ivey

Typesetting and graphics: JWD Communications Ltd.

Copy editing: Sean Johannesen

Distributors:

Indonesia:

PT Java Books Indonesia

Jl. Rawa Gelam IV No. 9

Kawasan Industri Pulogadung

Jakarta 13930, Indonesia

Tel. 62 (21) 4382 1088

Tel. 62 (21) 461 0206

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Berkeley Books Pte. Ltd.

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Singapore 534167

Tel: (65) 6280 1330

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Email:

Web site: www.periplus.com

The Netherlands:

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Postbus 195, 1380 AD Weesp,

Printed in the Republic of Singapore

The Environmental Management Development Project (EMDI) was designed to upgrade environmental management capabilities through institutional strengthening and human resource development. A joint project of the Ministry of State for Environment (LH), Jakarta, and the School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, EMDI supported LH's mandate to provide guidance and leadership to Indonesian agencies and organizations responsible for implementing environmental management and sustainable development. Linkages between Indonesian and Canadian organizations and individuals in the area of environmental management are also fostered.

EMDI received generous funding from the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). CIDA provided Cdn$2.5 million to EMDI-1 (1983-86), Cdn$7.7 million to EMDI-2 (1986-89), and contributed Cdn$37.3 million to EMDI-3 (1989-95). Significant contributions, direct and in kind, were made by LH and Dalhousie University.

EMDI-3 emphasized spatial planning and regional environmental management, environmental impact assessment, environmental standards, hazardous and toxic substance management, marine and coastal environmental management, environmental information systems, and environmental law. The opportunity for further studies was offered through fellowships and internships for qualified individuals. The books in the Ecology of Indonesia series form a major part of the publications programme. Linkages with NGOs and the private sector were encouraged.

EMDI supported the University Consortium on the Environment comprising Gadjah Mada University, University of Indonesia, Bandung Institute of Technology, the University of Waterloo, and York University. Included in EMDI activities at Dalhousie University were research fellowships and exchanges for senior professionals in Indonesia and Canada, and assistance for Dalhousie graduate students undertaking thesis research in Indonesia.

For further information about the EMDI project, please contact:

Director

School for Resource and Environmental Studies

Dalhousie University

1312 Robie Street

Halifax, Nova Scotia

Canada B3H 3E2

Tel. 1-902-494-3632

Fax. 1-902-494-3728

It is always gratifying when something for which one has long waited finally materializes. So it is that over five years after its inception by the EMDI project, The Ecology of Java and Bali is now available to Indonesian and English readers.

One could argue that this is the most important of the seven volumes in the Ecology of Indonesia series, not just because Java and Bali are home to more people than the rest of the country combined, but because the ecological issues on Java and Bali - such as the consumption and growth of the population, determining the carrying capacity of the land, securing sufficient and healthy food and water, controlling the use of dangerous chemicals, developing a sustainable tourism industry, stemming the loss of biological diversity, providing just and reasonable access to and control of resources, reviewing the nature of current economic paradigms, and dealing with the general ignorance of ecology - are more acute than anywhere else in Indonesia, and because these issues impinge on the lives of the most senior decision makers. Advances in tackling the issues in Java and Bali can and must be translated into appropriate action elsewhere in the archipelago.

The authors must be congratulated on bringing together such varied and detailed information, but I must also pay tribute to the many individuals from all sections of society - researchers, librarians, students, government employees, and villagers who have contributed to the undoubted success and value of the book.

Finally, my hope and expectation is that this book is not just for reading but for implementing. If Java and Bali are truly to have a sustainable future, then the lessons from this book must be heeded and acted upon.

Jakarta, February 1996

State Minister for Environment

Sarwono Kusumaatmadja

Jakarta 10110, Indonesia

Tel. 62-21-3807566

Fax. 62-21-351515

This is a large book and only the most diligent or enthusiastic people with time on their hands are likely to read it from cover to cover. We expect most people to use it primarily as a reference book, and the comprehensive index and cross-referencing will facilitate this. There are five parts:

• Ecological Concerns which includes a background to the writing of the book, and a simple statistical and graphical description of Java and Bali. The second chapter discusses the twelve most critical ecological issues currently facing these islands (and indeed all of Indonesia);
• Ecological Components which comprises an inventory and description of the past and present physical, biological, and human components;
• Ecosystems which covers the major habitats, and the influence of people on them;
• Conservation which examines human attitudes to nature, the loss of species, and the means by which it is hoped the important elements will be conserved; and
• Finding a path for the future which looks at the need to encourage a stronger personal environmental ethic, and at other changes that will need to be made if we are not to miss the path of sustainability and further endanger the integrity of the environment for future generations.

Notes on names

Few Indonesian vernacular names are used in the English version of this book, but as many as possible are used in the Indonesian version. English vernacular names are used where there is little or no room for confusion. It is often the case that the vernacular names are not sufficiently specific for scientific use. Efforts have been made to ensure that the scientific names used are accurate and up-to-date. Some readers will find that these names are markedly different from those taught or used in older books. This is because discoveries of new species, or new insights into the relationships between species, must be accommodated by the system of naming governed by internationally agreed rules.