Tony Whitten - Ecology of Sulawesi

THE ECOLOGY OF SULAWESI

THE ECOLOGY OF INDONESIA SERIES

VOLUME IV

THE ECOLOGY OF INDONESIA SERIES

Volume IV: The Ecology of Sulawesi

Other titles in the Series
Volume I: The Ecology of Sumatra
Volume II: The Ecology of Java and Bali
Volume III: The Ecology of Kalimantan
Volume V: The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku
Volume VI: The Ecology of Irian Jaya
Volume VII: The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas

Produced by
Environmental Management Development in
Indonesia Project, a cooperative project of the
Indonesian Ministry of the Environment
and
Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
under the sponsorship of the
Canadian International Development Agency

The Ecology of
Sulawesi

TONY WHITTEN
MUSLIMIN MUSTAFA
GREGORY S. HENDERSON

PERIPLUS

First Edition 1987 Gadjah Mada University Press
First Periplus Edition 2002
All rights reserved

Published by Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd.

ISBN: 978-1-4629-0507-2 (ebook)

Publisher: Eric Oey
Typesetting and graphics: JWD Communications Ltd.
Copyediting: Marylouise Wiack

Distributors:

Indonesia:
PT Java Books Indonesia
J1. Kelapa Gading Kirana
Blok A14 No. 17, Jakarta 14240

Japan
Tuttle Publishing
RK Bldg. 2nd Floor 2-13-10 Shimo-Meguro
Meguro-ku Tokyo 153 0064

Asia Pacific
Berkeley Books Pte Ltd
61 Tai Seng Avenue, #02-12,
Singapore 534167

USA
Tuttle Publishing
Distribution Center, Airport Industrial Park
364 Innovation Drive, North Clarendon, VT 05759-9436

Printed in Singapore

Table of Contents

Foreword ix

Acknowledgements x

Introduction xiv

Present state of natural ecosystems

Mangrove forest management

Coral reef survey techniques

Forest clearance

Effects of selective logging on the fauna

The Palu valley: past and future

Effects of disturbance

Effects of disturbance

Cotton

Possible urban ecology studies

Drawing the line

N. Data sheet for coral reef monitoring

Notes

Bibliography

Foreword to
the first edition (1987)

Indonesia, with its large population and vast and varied natural resources, must strive for economic development at the same time as protecting and enhancing the environment. Development must involve a harmonious relationship between Man and God, Man and his fellow man, and Man and Nature.

This book has been written as one important element in the incorporation of environmental thinking into development activities on Sulawesi. It provides important ecological information which will assist government planning agencies and project developments in including ecological considerations in development activities. The Ecology of Sulawesi is part of a series of books on the ecology of Indonesia. The first book in the series, The Ecology of Sumatra, was published in 1984 and is now in its third printing. A continuing demand for books in the series is evident.

The Ecology of Sulawesi has been written with the involvement of scientists from the Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies at Hasanuddin University, Ujung Pandang. The books in this Ecology of series serve not only to provide basic information on the environment. The process of preparation of the books also allows for training and technology transfer in environmental research between the authors and the junior scientists at the university environmental study centres.

We hope that scientists will be encouraged by this book to pursue further research on the ecological conditions in Sulawesi, and to apply the results of this continuing research to solutions to the environmental challenges posed by development in Sulawesi.

Emil Salim
Minister of State for Population and Environment
Republic of Indonesia

Acknowledgements
to the first edition (1987)

This book was produced within the Environmental Management Development in Indonesia (EMDI) Project, implemented by the Indonesian Ministry of State for Population and Environment (KLH) and the School for Resource and Environmental Studies (SRES) at Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. The project is funded by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). The commitment to the publication of The Ecology of Sulawesi of those people involved in the administration of the project is much appreciated and special thanks are due to Koesnadi Hardjasoemantri, Sjafran Sjamsuddin (KLH, Jakarta), Arthur Hanson, Geoffrey Hainsworth, and George Greene (SRES, Halifax). The book has been born out of the experience of producing The Ecology of Sumatra which was financed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) between 1982 and 1984.

The Rectors of the four state universities on Sulawesi namely Fachruddin, (Hasanuddin University, Ujung Pandang), Mattulada (Tadu-lako University, Palu), W.J. Waworoento (Sam Ratulangi University, Manado) and Eddy Agussalim Mokodompit (Haluoleo University, Kendari) and their staffs have cooperated by supplying information and have supported the effort to further the ecological understanding of Sulawesi.

The entire English text has been critically reviewed and examined by Jane Whitten (Bogor), Anoma Santiapillai (Bogor) and Gembong Tjitrosoepomo (Yogyakarta), the third of whom made the translation for the Indonesian version, Ekologi Sulawesi. Major portions were reviewed by Peter Bellwood (Canberra), Chris Bennett (Manado), David Bulbeck (Ujung Pandang), S.C. Chin (Kuala Lumpur), James Davie (Rock-hampton), David Dudgeon (Hong Kong), Ian Glover (London), Atmadja Hardjamulia (Bogor), Duncan Parish (Kuala Lumpur), Nicholas Polunin (Port Moresby), and Nengah Wirawan (Ujung Pandang). Great thanks are due to these people for their constructive criticisms, but it must be stressed that the mistakes remaining in the text are entirely the responsibility of the authors.

The Executive Director of Gadjah Mada University Press, H.J. Koesoe-manto, has always been willing to advise, listen, and cooperate and we owe him a considerable debt of gratitude.

We also express gratitude to the Royal Entomological Society of London for permission to visit their Project Wallace research site in the Bogani Nani Wartabone (formerly Dumoga-Bone) National Park, Bolaang Mongondow, in 1985.

In addition, many people have provided considerable assistance (often more than they realize) by sending reports, papers, unpublished information and other forms of information, by advising, cajoling, identifying specimens, by making helpful suggestions, or by helping the authors in the field. They are: Abdul Rachman Abudi, Amran Achmad (Ujung Pandang), Mohamad Amir (Bogor), Dick R. Askew (Manchester), Michael Audley-Charles (London), Andy Austin (Adelaide), Max van Balgooy (Leiden), Henry S. Barlow (Kuala Lumpur), Wim Bergmans (Amsterdam), David Bishop (Chesterhill and NSW), Roger Blackith (Dublin), Peter Bloks (Leiden), Boeadi (Bogor), Hans A.J. in den Bosch (Leiden), W. Boudewijn (Ujung Pandang), Martin Brendell (London), Francois Brouquisse (Tolouse), Sean Brown (London), Arie Budiman (Bogor), Elisa Bung'alo (Lumuk), Burhan (Ujung, Pandang), Roger Butlin (Norwich), Diane Cal-abrese (Carlisle, Penn.), Ray Catchpole (Kendari), Ailsa Clark (London), Lynn Clayton (Oxford), Nigel Collar (Cambridge), Mark Collins (Cambridge), David Coyle (Watampone), Wempy Dahong (Ujung Pandang), Rokhmin Dahuri (Bogor), Sengli Damanik (Medan), Anthony Davis (Nagercoil), Louis Deharveng (Tolouse), Rene Dekker (Dumoga), Peter Dinwiddie (Swindon), Henry Disney (Cambridge), Machfudz Djajasasmita (Bogor), John Dransfield (Kew), Julian Dring (London), Jans Duffels (Amsterdam), Lance Durden (Nashville), Rusly Durio (Ujung Pandang), Siegfied Eck (Dresden), Chris Escott (Saskatoon), C.H. Fernando, (Waterloo), Theodore Flemming (Coral Gables, FL), Ben Gaskell (London), S.S. Gasong (Palu), E. Gittenberger (Leiden), Emily Glover (London), Michael Green (Cambridge), Penny Greenslade (Canberra), Steven Greenwood (Oxford), Colin Groves (Canberra), James Guiry (Soroako), Surastopo Hadisumarno (Yogyakarta), Gavin Hainsworth (Vancouver), Tony Harman (Canterbury), Hanna Hardjono (Ujung Pandang), A.M. Hashi (Palopo), Loky Herlambang and the staff of the Nusantara Diving Centre (Manado), John E. Hill (London), Bert Hoeksema (Leiden), Ian Hodkinson (Liverpool), Jeremy Hollowax (London), Derek Holmes (Jakarta), L.B. Holthuis (Leiden), Marinus Hoogmoed (Leiden), Geoff Hope (Canberra), Hans Huijbregts (Leiden), Jaffre (Palopo), Paula Jenkins (London), Clive Jermy (London), Ahdul Rachman Kadir (Ujung Pandang), John Katili (Jakarta), Peter Kevan (Guelph), Ashley Kirk-Spriggs (Cardiff), David Kistner (Chico), Roger Kitching (Armidale), Robby V.T. Ko (Bogor), Jan de Korte (Amsterdam), Maurice Kottelat (Courrendlin), Jan Krikken (Leiden), Jaroslav Klapste (Melbourne), Bill Knight (London), Andrew Lack (Swansea), David de Lauberfels (Syracuse), Philippe Le Clerc (Tolouse), Cecile Lomer (Bogor), C.H.C. Lyal (Auckland), Colin McCarthy (London), Ron and Patty McCullogh (Palu), Odilia Maessen (Halifax, N.S.), Ayub Mahmud (Malili), Syafii Manan (Bogor), Adrian, G. Marshall (Aberdeen). Joe Marshall (Washington), G.A. Matthews (Ascot), John Miksic (Yogakarta), Andrew Mitchell (London), Willem Moka (Ujung Pandang), Robert Molenaar (Manado), Hans Moll (Leiden), Kate Monk (Safat), Barry P. Moore (Canberra), Evelyn Mundy (Bogor), Guy Musser (New York), Safiruddin Natsir (Ujung Pandang), Baharuddin Nurkin (Ujung Pandang), Grace O'Donovan (Dublin), Sharifuddin Andi Omar (Ujung Pandang), H.S. Padeato (Manado), S.W. Padiato (Luwuk), Ray-mondus Palete (Dumoga), J.L. Panelewan (Manado), P.E.A. Pangalila (Manado), Duncan Parish (Kuala Lumpur), Michael Pearce (London), Totok Prawitosari (Ujung Pandang), T. Racheli (Rome), Musaka Rachmat (Ujung Pandang), Anthony Reid (Canberra), Christopher Rees (York), Mien Rifai (Bogor), Willem Rodenburg (Koudekerk a/d Rijn), Frank G. Rozendaal (Bilthoven), Didi Rukmana (Ujung Pandang), A. Sabani (Palopo), Peter Sane (Kendari), Sjahril T. Selamat (Ujung Pandang), Victoria Selmier (San Francisco), Dan Sembel (Manado), Siahaan (Luwuk), Alison Skene (Bogor), the late C.G.G.J. van Steenis (Leiden), Nigel Stork (London), J.S.W.D. Subroto (Manado), N. Sulaiman (Jakarta), Mulyadi Susanto (Kendari), Stephen Sutton (Leeds), Antius Tolesa (Luwuk), Michael Tremble (Albuquerque), John Uttley (Durham), Charlotte Ver-meulen (Dumoga), Ed de Vogel (Leiden), Michael Wade (Bogor), B. Wahyu (Soroako), Sarah Warren (Yale), Dick Watling (Suva), Chris Watts (Adelaide), Alice Wells (Adelaide), Chris Wemmer (Washington), Michael Walters (Tring), Alwyne Wheeler (London), Tim Whitmore (Oxford), Willem de Wilde (Leiden), Johanna Wilson (Bogor), Mike Wilson (London) and John Winter (Townsville).