Amelia Marie Kiddle - Energy in the Americas: Critical Reflections on Energy and History

Energy in the AMERICAS

Energy Histories, Cultures, and Politics

SERIES EDITOR:
Petra Dolata, Associate Professor, Department of History, University of Calgary
ISSN 2562-3486 (Print) ISSN 2562-3494 (Online)

This series features original research at the intersection of energy and society. It welcomes works that contribute to international discussions on the history, culture, and politics of energy and speaks to the energy humanities and energy social sciences. The series has a strong interest in, but is not limited to, North American issues.

No. Imperial Standard: Imperial Oil, Exxon, and the Canadian Oil Industry from 1880
Graham D. Taylor

No. Energy in the Americas: Critical Reflections on Energy and History
Edited by Amelia M. Kiddle

2021 Amelia M. Kiddle

University of Calgary Press

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Calgary, Alberta

Canada T2N 1N4

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No part of this book may be reproduced in any format whatsoever without prior written permission from the publisher, except for brief excerpts quoted in scholarship or review.

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Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Title: Energy in the Americas : critical reflections on energy and history / edited by

Amelia M. Kiddle.

Names: Kiddle, Amelia M. (Amelia Marie), editor. | Energy in the Americas: Critical

Reflections on Energy and History (Conference) (2014 : University of Calgary)

Series: Energy histories, cultures, and politics ; no. 2.

Description: Series statement: Energy histories, cultures, and politics, 2562-3486 ; no.

2 | Based on a conference held at the University of Calgary in 2014 titled Energy in the

Americas: Critical Reflections on Energy and History. | Includes bibliographical

references and index.

Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20210218134 | Canadiana (ebook) 20210218304 |

ISBN 9781552389393 (softcover) | ISBN 9781552389409 (Open Access PDF) | ISBN

9781552389416 (PDF) | ISBN 9781552389423 (EPUB)

Subjects: LCSH: Petroleum industry and tradeNorth AmericaHistory. | LCSH:

Petroleum industry and tradeSouth AmericaHistory.

Classification: LCC HD9578.N67 E54 2021 | DDC 338.2/728097dc23

Copyediting by Ryan Perks

Cover design, page design, and typesetting by Melina Cusano

List of Tables

List of Figures

Acknowledgements

Introduction. When Will We See the Pendulum Effect? Critical Reflections on Energy and History in the Americas

Amelia M. Kiddle

1 Unpacking Latin American Oil and Gas Policies: Views on Energy as a Market, Common, and Political Good

Pablo Heidrich

2 Primary Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Chile, 18442010

Csar Yez Gallardo

3 The Commercial and Political Dynamics of the Crude Oil Industry: The Case of the Royal Dutch/Shell Group in Venezuela, 19131924

Brian S. McBeth

4 Exxon and the Rise of Producer Power in Venezuela

Joseph A. Pratt

5 Current Concerns: CanadianUnited States Energy Relations and the St. Lawrence and Niagara Megaprojects

Daniel Macfarlane

6 Tellico Dam, Dickey Dam, and Endangered Species Law in the United States during the 1970s

Michael Camp

7 Seismic Innovations: The Digital Revolution in the Search for Oil and Gas

Tyler Priest

8 Optimism, Fear, and Free Trade: Canadas Winding Path to a Globalized Petroleum Industry, 19302005

Paul Chastko

9 The New Political Economy of Petroleum in Brazil: Back to the Future?

Gail D. Triner

10 The Expropriation of YPF in Historical Perspective. Limits of State Power Intervention in Argentina, 19892015

Esteban Serrani

11 Coming Full Circle: Mexican Oil, 19172018

Linda B. Hall

12 The Neoliberal Transformation of Colombias Energy Sector and Some Implications for Democratization in the Post-conflict Period

Dermot OConnor and Juan Pablo Bohrquez Montoya

List of Contributors

Bibliography

Index

A Theoretical Scheme for Resource Nationalism

Sample Characteristics of Energy as a Market Good

Sample Characteristics of Energy as a Common Good

Sample Characteristics of Energy as a Political Good

Energy Policies in Selected Latin American Countries, 19902015

Energy Consumption and Economic Growth

GDP per Capita at PPP and Annual Growth Rates, 18001913

GDP per Capita at PPP and Annual Growth Rates, 19132010

Average Cost of Delivered Crude Oil to the Atlantic Seaboard: Comparison between US, Venezuela, and Rest of World (Including Venezuela), 19271930 ($/barrel)

Global Petroleum Reserves (Year-End 2009; Billions Barrels of Oil Equivalent)

Petroleum Royalties

Changes in Energy Intensity of Chile Compared to Brazil (TOE per Unit of GDP PPP)

Changes in Energy Intensity of Chile Compared to Argentina (TOE per Unit of GDP PPP)

Changes in Energy Intensity of Chile Compared to UK and Wales (TOE per Unit of GDP PPP)

Changes in Energy Intensity of Chile Compared to US (TOE per Unit of GDP PPP)

Apparent Consumption of Coal, 18441880

Apparent Consumption of Coal, 18811913

Evolution of the Chilean Energy Matrix, 19442010

Energy Consumption per Capita and Energy Transition

Hydroelectric Production and Percentages of Total Modern Energy

Generation of Hydro and Thermoelectricity in Chile, 19602010 (GWh)

Shell Production: Total, Venezuela, Mexico, and US, 19231930 (BOPD and %)

Shell: Venezuelan Crude Oil Production by Subsidiaries, 19171935 (BOPD)

VOC and BCO: Net Profits and Return on Equity (ROE), 19201931 ($)

Hydroelectric Landscape of Niagara Falls

Beck Stations and Moses Station

Lake St. Lawrence

Moses-Saunders Powerhouse

Offshore Reflection Seismic Survey Diagram

Shell Oil Bright Spot Seismic, Posey Prospect,
Eugene Island 330 Field

GSIs 3D Seismic Pioneers

3D Seismic Image with Salt Domes in Deep Blue

Average Price Alberta Oil versus World Prices
($/bbl), 19471961

US Imports of Canadian Crude, 19872000 (bbl)

Crude Petroleum Imports (Value) % of Total,
19602011

World Petroleum Prices, 1960-2010 Real (2005)

Oil Production and Reserves, % from Offshore, 19702010

Offshore and Pre-salt Petroleum Reserves in Brazil

Ordinary Shares Distributed by Ownership (%)

Total Shares (Ordinary + Preferred) Distributed by Ownership

I am deeply grateful to the many people who contributed to this project from its inception to its completion. It has been a long journey from meeting in 2014 to engage in this dialogue to the publication of this volume, so I sincerely hope I dont forget anyone!

Upon arriving in Treaty 7 territory at the University of Calgary in 2012, and given my own research interests in the Mexican oil expropriation of 1938, I began to conceive of a conference that would bring together energy scholars from the Americas to discuss histories of energy and society in ways that were more reflective than the uncritical boosterism that pervaded the oil industry boom going on here at that time. I received tremendous support and encouragement from the the Department of History, Faculty of Arts, the Office of the Vice President for Research, University of Calgary International, and especially the Latin American Research Centre (LARC) at the University of Calgary, which enabled me to secure a SSHRC Connection Grant for the organization of the conference. LARC program coordinator Monique Greenwood, and several student assistants, provided invaluable logistical support. Colleagues from History, Latin American Studies, Political Science, and Anthropology all stepped up to participate in the three-day event, and I am grateful to Hendrik Kraay, Saulesh Yessenova, Denise Brown, Stephen Randall, Heather Devine, Pablo Policzer, and Sarah Jordaan, as well as Annette Hester, then of the Inter-American Development Bank, for chairing panels and facilitating our discussions. Harrie Vredenburg gave a stimulating keynote, and Peter Fortna, Hereward Longley, and Tara Joly of Willow Springs Strategic Solutions and Bori Arrobo, representing the Fort McKay First Nation, presented the film Moose Lake: Home and Refuge and led a discussion of Indigenous perspectives on Alberta oil sands development.