Alfred Bonne - State and Economics in the Middle East

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The International Library of Sociology

STATE AND ECONOMICS IN THE MIDDLE EAST

The International Library of Sociology

THE SOCIOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT
In 18 Volumes

I	Caste and Kinship in Central India	Mayer
II	Economics of Development in Village India	Haswell
III	Education and Social Change in Ghana (The above title is not available through Routledge in North America)	Foster
IV	Growing up in an Egyptian Village	Ammar
V	Indias Changing Villages	Dube
VI	Indian Village	Dube
VII	Malay Fishermen	Firth
VIII	The Mende of Sierra Leone	Little
IX	The Negro Family in British Guiana	Smith
X	Peasants in the Pacific	Mayer
XI	Population and Society in the Arab East	Baer
XII	The Revolution in Anthropology	Jarvie
XIII	Settlement Schemes in Tropical Africa	Chambers
XIV	Shivapur: A South Indian Village	Ishwaran
XV	Social Control in an African Society	Gulliver
XVI	State and Economics in the Middle East	Bonne
XVII	Tradition and Economy in Village India	Ishwaran
XVIII	Transformation Scene	Hogbin

STATE AND ECONOMICS IN THE MIDDLE EAST

A Society in Transition

by
ALFRED BONN

First published in 1948
by Routledge, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd

Reprinted in 1998, 2000, 2001
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

Transferred to Digital Printing 2007

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group

1948 Alfred Bonn

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

The publishers have made every effort to contact authors/copyright holders of the works reprinted in The International Library of Sociology. This has not been possible in every case, however, and we would welcome correspondence from those individuals/companies we have been unable to trace.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

State and Economics in the Middle East
ISBN 0-415-17583-6
The Sociology of Development: 18 Volumes
ISBN 0-415-17822-3
The International Library of Sociology: 274 Volumes
ISBN 0-415-17838-X

Publishers Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original may be apparent

CONTENTS

CHAP.

Function, principles and distinguishing featuresCapitulations, millets and their importancethe plural constitution.

The Empire in the stage of reform: achievements and failuresperiod of the Tanzimatdecrees of 1839, 1856 and proclamation of the Constitution in 1876attitude of Abdul Hamid IIrise of the Young Turks.

Despotism and ConstitutionKhalifate and SultanateIslamic thought and the evolution of the lawcivic rights of the people under the new Ottoman constitution.

Share of bureaucracy in the Oriental and the modern Statecorruption and venality as accepted practicesattitude of the authorities towards this problem (Courts, local administration, foreign consulates)extension of administration and increasing specialisation of the Civil Service.

Local government before the reformsthe feudal lords and local governmentorgans of local and provincial governmentsthe reforms of Mahmud II and his successorssocial and political structure of population.

Historical summaryland taxes as main source of public revenuerelation between the structure of the Oriental State and public financeNineteenth century reforms.

Changes in the political map and in the composition of the populationprinciples that shaped the Middle East after the First World War.

Exchange of populationsbirth of a new constitutionnew education policyprogrammes and reality.

Historical surveysteps preliminary to the establishment of the Arab StatesCreation of the Mandate.

A new type of Statecriteria of maturity.

Social Structures and Political Parties.

General featureshistorical summary (Babylon, Egypt, Palestine, Byzantine Empire)Early Islamic period.

Categories of land in Islamic lawMushaa (common land-ownership), Waqf (mortmain lands)Oriental feudalismtypes of farm management and distribution of income from the land in Oriental agriculturesummary.

Climate (temperature, rainfall, water courses and wells, rain factor, periodicity, air-currents and humidity)steppe character of Oriental areassoil propertiesimportance of natural conditions.

Conditions for mass transportthe Oriental worker and his specific qualitiesimplements and means of cultivationscarcity of capitalgrowth of population.

Problem of the Asiatic Agrarian SocietyMain systems: dry farming and irrigated agriculturePrerequisites of irrigated farmingirrigation and the agrarian economy as a wholeirrigation as a factor in the economy of the individual farmimplements of irrigation.

Changes in land ownershipRe-emergence of the large landowner in the nineteenth century (Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Iraq, Egypt)Waqf and Mushaaland reforms.

Introduction of basin irrigation in place of flood irrigationdiversification of crops and increase of areas by irrigationincrease of productivityimportance of communicationsummary of trends.

The meaning of the Industrial Revolutionthe problem of capitalism in Oriental countriesdistribution of the population over town and countryliving conditions in Oriental towns at the beginning of the nineteenth century.

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