P. J. Richards - Basic Needs and the Urban Poor: The Provision of Communal Services

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ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS:
URBAN STUDIES

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Volume 19

BASIC NEEDS AND THE
URBAN POOR

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BASIC NEEDS AND THE
URBAN POOR

The Provision of Communal Services

Edited by
P. J. RICHARDS AND A. M. THOMSON

First published in 1984 by Croom Helm Ltd

This edition first published in 2018

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

1984 International Labour Organisation

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-138-89482-2 (Set)

ISBN: 978-1-315-09987-3 (Set) (ebk)

ISBN: 978-1-138-05757-9 (Volume 19) (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-315-16481-6 (Volume 19) (ebk)

Publishers Note

The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer

The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

BASIC NEEDS AND THE
URBAN POOR: THE
PROVISION OF
COMMUNAL SERVICES

Edited by P. J. Richards
and A. M. Thomson

A study prepared for the International Labour Office within the framework of the World Employment Programme

CROOM HELM

London Sydney Dover, New Hampshire

CONTENTS

1984 International Labour Organisation

Croom Helm Ltd, Provident House, Burrell Row, Beckenham, Kent BR3 1AT

Croom Helm Australia Pty Ltd, First Floor, 139 King St., Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Basic needs and the urban poor.

1. Urban poor Services for Asia

I. Richards, P.J. II. Thomson, A.M.

362.58095 HV4131.85

ISBN 0-7099-2281-7

Croom Helm, 51 Washington Street, Dover, New Hampshire 03820, USA

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 84-45290

Cataloging in Publication Data Applied For.

The responsibility for opinions expressed in studies and other contributions rests solely with the authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them.

The designations employed and the presentation of material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country or territory or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.

For permission to reproduce the photograph on p.97, grateful acknowledgement is due to the Centre international de reportages at dinformation culturelle (CIRIC), Geneva. Other illustrations have been provided by the authors themselves.

Printed in Great Britain by Biddies Ltd, Guildford, Surrey

PREFACE

This study is intended to investigate means by which the levels of basic needs satisfaction of the urban poor can be improved by the conscious application of public policies and programmes. It looks at a number of specific fields, including housing policy, building codes, water supply, sanitation, transport, health and education and, for each one, reviews the specific situation of the urban poor and the actual and potential means available to improve their lot. It also includes an overall chapter on the role of the public sector and a short concluding chapter.

The study refers specifically to Asia. However, the contributors have also amassed experience of urban poverty problems, and their possible solutions, in other parts of the world. Thus reference is made to urban poverty problems in other continents. The focus is also mainly on the larger if not primary cities. If their problems can be eased then very probably those of smaller towns can also be solved.

The editors would like to thank R. Szal, E. Gutkind and C. Maldonado to their helpful comments on this study. I. Pearson and T. Viale, who prepared the final typescript, deserve special thanks.

P.J. Richards

A.M. Thomson

Geneva

February 1984

by P. J. Richards

The World Employment Conference of the International Labour Organisation, meeting in 1976, adopted a Programme of Action which, under the heading Basic needs, begins as follows:

1. Strategies and national development plans and policies should include explicitly as a priority objective the promotion of employment and the satisfaction of the basic needs of each countrys population.

2. Basic needs, as understood in this Programme of Action, include two elements. First, they include certain minimum requirements of a family for private consumption: adequate food, shelter and clothing, as well as certain household equipment and furniture. Second, they include essential services provided by and for the community at large, such as safe drinking water, sanitation, public transport and health, educational and cultural facilities.

The Conference therefore assumed that basic needs satisfaction would be ensured by a combination of two factors: private consumption expenditure, and the provision of essential services by the community at large.

The Programme of Action of the World Employment Conference does not specify where target levels of basic needs satisfaction should be set (nor, indeed, in what form they should be set) beyond stating that the concept of basic needs is country specific and dynamic. Target levels, must, however, be set at above subsistence levels and, presumably, be revised in the course of economic development. The text of the Programme of Action gives a few directions in setting broad priorities in the operation of government services: thus primary education should be given priority over secondary and tertiary education (paragraph 21) and landless labourers should be assisted in building their own homes (paragraph 12).

This volume concentrates on the provision of services for the urban poor, including the special problems attached to carrying out such programmes and the specific characteristics of urban poverty which condition the need of the poor for these services. The volume does not tackle the first component of basic needs identified by the World Employment Conference, namely, the generation of employment at sufficiently productive levels for employment incomes to purchase food and other consumer goods for workers and their dependants. Nevertheless, the division between private consumption on the one hand and essential services on the other is artificial. Essential services also require consumption expenditure and generally households with the highest levels of private consumption enjoy the highest levels of essential services. To the list of sectors given above this volume adds housing and subtracts cultural facilities.

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