Judy L. Baker - Climate Change, Disaster Risk, and the Urban Poor: Cities Building Resilience for a Changing World
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- Book:Climate Change, Disaster Risk, and the Urban Poor: Cities Building Resilience for a Changing World
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Poor people living in slums are at particularly high risk from the impacts of climate change and natural hazards. They live on the most vulnerable lands within cities, typically areas that are deemed undesirable by others and are thus affordable. Residents are exposed to the impacts of landslides, sea-level rise, flooding, and other hazards. Exposure to risk is exacerbated by overcrowded living conditions, lack of adequate infrastructure and services, unsafe housing, inadequate nutrition, and poor health. These conditions can turn a natural hazard or change in climate into a disaster, and result in the loss of basic services, damage or destruction to homes, loss of livelihoods, malnutrition, disease, disability, and loss of life.
This study analyzes the key challenges facing the urban poor given the risks associated with climate change and disasters, particularly with regard to the delivery of basic services, and identifies strategies and financing opportunities for addressing these risks. Several key findings emerge from the study and provide guidance for addressing risk:
The urban poor are on the front line. The poor are particularly vulnerable to climate change and natural hazards due to where they live within cities, and the lack of reliable basic services.
City governments are the drivers for addressing risks. Local governments play a vital role in providing basic services which are critical to improving the resilience of the urban poor.
City officials build resilience by mainstreaming risk reduction into urban management. Climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction can be best addressed and sustained over time through integration with existing urban planning and management practices.
Significant financial support is needed. Local governments need to leverage existing and new resources to meet the shortfalls in service delivery and basic infrastructure adaptation.
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DISASTER RISK,
AND THE URBAN
POOR
CHANGE,
DISASTER RISK,
AND THE URBAN
POOR
Changing World
Judy L. Baker, Editor
2012 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
1818 H Street NW
Washington DC 20433
Telephone: 202-473-1000
Internet: www.worldbank.org
All rights reserved
1 2 3 4 15 14 13 12
This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent.
The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
Rights and Permissions
The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: .
ISBN: 978-0-8213-8845-7
eISBN: 978-0-8213-8960-7
DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8845-7
Cover design: Naylor Design, Inc.
Cover photo: iStockphoto.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been requested
| Foreword | |
| Acknowledgments | |
| Abbreviations | |
| Overview | |
| Recommended Actions to Build Resilience of the Urban Poor | |
| Chapter 1. | Vulnerable Cities: Assessing Climate Change and Disaster Risk in Urban Centers of the Developing World |
| Introduction and Objective of the Study | |
| Background, Analytical Framework, and Approach | |
| Climate Change, Disaster Risk, and Urban Areas: Assessing Hazard Risk | |
| Efforts to Estimate Exposure in Cities | |
| Notes | |
| References | |
| Chapter 2. | Vulnerability of the Urban Poor |
| Exposure: Location and Settlement Patterns of the Urban Poor | |
| Climate Change, Disaster Risk, and the Delivery of Basic Services for the Urban Poor | |
| Other Key Issues Affecting the Vulnerability of the Urban Poor | |
| Notes | |
| References | |
| Chapter 3. | Building Resilience for the Urban Poor |
| Assessing Risk at the City and Community Levels to Inform Decision Making and Action Planning | |
| Integrating Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Policies for the Poor into Urban Planning and Management | |
| Balancing Policy Tradeoffs among Risk Reduction, Urban Development, and Poverty Reduction in Decision Making | |
| Strengthening Institutional Capacity to Deliver Basic Services and Reduce Vulnerability to Climate and Disaster Risk | |
| Bridging Communities and Local Governments to Work Together on Local Solutions | |
| Notes | |
| References | |
| Chapter 4. | Opening New Finance Opportunities for Cities to Address Pro-poor Adaptation and Risk Reduction |
| Costing Adaptation and Risk Reduction | |
| Sources of Financing for Adaptation and Risk Reduction | |
| Bringing It All Together | |
| Notes | |
| References | |
| Annex 1: | Literature Review |
| Linking Climate Change and DRR | |
| Climate Change, DRR, and Urban Poverty | |
| Service Delivery and the Urban Poor | |
| Housing | |
| Climate Change: Adaptation and Mitigation | |
| Finance | |
| Gaps in Existing Literature | |
| References | |
| Annex 2: | Efforts to Estimate Exposure in Cities |
| OECD Study on Ranking Port Cities with High Exposure and Vulnerability to Climate Extremes | |
| Munich Res Study on MegacitiesMegacities Megarisks | |
| GFDRREconomics of Disaster Risk Reduction | |
| Mega-Stress for Mega-Cities: A Climate Vulnerability Ranking of Major Coastal Cities in Asia | |
| Earthquake Disaster Risk Index | |
| Multi-Hazard City Risk Index (MHCRI) | |
| Note | |
| References | |
| Annex 3: | Learning from Project and Program Experiences: Individuals, Community, and Local Government Partnering to Manage Risk |
| Introduction | |
| EducateGood Practices in Knowledge Sharing and Training | |
| IdentifyGood Practices in Risk Identification | |
| PrepareGood Practices in Risk Reduction through Early-Warning Systems | |
| MitigateGood Practices in Risk Reduction through Mitigation | |
| Flood Management and Urban Planning | |
| Water Supply and Sanitation | |
| Wastewater Management and Energy | |
| Water Supply and Energy Efficiency | |
| Neighborhood Upgrading | |
| Job Creation | |
| TransferRecent Practices in Risk Deflection | |
| RecoverGood Practices in Building-Back-Better | |
| Lessons Learned and Recommendations | |
| Notes | |
| References | |
| Annex 4: | Dar es Salaam Case Study |
| Overview and Key Findings | |
| Case Study Summary | |
| Reference | |
| Annex 5: | Jakarta Case Study |
| Overview and Key Findings | |
| Case Study Summary | |
| Notes | |
| Reference | |
| Annex 6: | Mexico City Case Study |
| Overview and Key Findings | |
| Case Study Summary | |
| Notes | |
| Reference | |
| Annex 7: | So Paulo Case Study |
| Overview and Key Findings | |
| Case Study Summary | |
| Notes | |
| Reference | |
| Color Section | |
| Index |
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