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BRITISH UNTOUCHABLES

Monitoring Change in Education

Series Editor:
J. Mark Halstead
University of Huddersfield, UK

Change is a key characteristic of the worlds of business, education and industry and the rapidity of change underlines an urgent need to analyze, evaluate and, where appropriate, correct its direction. The series is aimed at contributing to this analysis. Its unique contribution consists of making sense of changes in education and in offering a timely and considered response to new challenges; the series, therefore, focuses on contemporary issues and does so with academic rigour.

Other titles in the series

Race and Ethnicity in Education
Ranjit Arora
ISBN 978 0 7546 1441 8

Mentoring in Education
An International Perspective
Edited by
Cedric cullingford
ISBN 978 0 7546 4577 1

Young Disabled People
Aspirations, Choices and Constraints
Sonali Shah
ISBN 978 0 7546 7422 1

Computers, Schools and Students
The Effects of Technology
Cedric Cullingford and Nusrat Haq
ISBN 978 0 7546 7821 2

Negotiating Political Identities
Multiethnic Schools and Youth in Europe
Daniel Faas
ISBN 978 0 7546 7844 1

British Untouchables

A Study of Dalit Identity and Education

PAUL GHUMAN
Aberystwyth University, UK

First published 2011 by Ashgate Publishing

Published 2016 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright Paul Ghuman 2011

Paul Ghuman has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Ghuman, Paul A. Singh (Paul Avtar Singh), 1936
British untouchables : a study of Dalit identity and
education. -- (Monitoring change in education)
1. Dalits--Great Britain--Social conditions. 2. Dalits-
Education--Great Britain. 3. Children of immigrants-
Education--Great Britain. 4. Caste--Religious aspects-
Hinduism. 5. Dalits--Great Britain--Ethnic identity.
I. Title II. Series
371.829914041-dc22

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Ghuman, Paul A. Singh (Paul Avtar Singh), 1936-

British untouchables : a study of Dalit identity and education / by Paul Ghuman.

p. cm. -- (Monitoring change in education)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-7546-4877-2 (hardback) -- ISBN 978-0-7546-8968-3 (ebook)

1. Dalits--Great Britain--Social conditions. 2. Dalits--Education--Great Britain. 3. Asians-

-Great Britain--Social conditions. 4. Asians--Education--Great Britain. 5. Social classes--

Great Britain. 6. Education--Social aspects--Great Britain I. Title.

DA125.S57G527 2011

305.56880941--dc22

2010048849

ISBN 9780754648772 (hbk)
ISBN 9781315570310 (ebk)

Contents

Glossary of Terms

Achute	Untouchable, an Untouchable
Ad, adi	ancient, original
Ad Dharamis	those who follow the original religion of native Indians prior to the Aryan invasion; later on it became associated with the teaching of Guru Ravidas ji
Adi Granth	holy scripture of the Sikhs; also called Guru Granth Sahib
Adivasi	original dwellers; a name given to tribal people
Arora	a merchant class
Arti	ritual in which lighted lamps are waved in circles in front of Hindu deities
Arya	an ancient Indo-European people
Arya Samaj	Hindu reform movement of twentieth century
Avatar	manifestation of a deity or released soul in bodily form on earth; an incarnate Divine teacher (OED); incarnation of Vishnu and /or Krishna
Baba (ji)	grandfather or respectful title used for seniors
Balmiki (Valmiki)	followers of Rishi Valmiki, also called Churas of the (considered offensive) traditional occupation, sweepers
Batt	to speak English
Bhagat	literary devotee; Hindu and Muslim saints whose hymns are included in Guru Granth Sahib
Bhagavadgita (Gita)	a poem composed between the second century BC and the second century AD and incorporated into the Mahabharata; it stresses the importance of doing ones duty and faith in God (OED)
Bhakti	devotional worship directed to one supreme deity (OED)
Bhangra	a type of popular music combining Punjabi folk traditions with Western pop music (OED)
Bhatra Sikhs	a Sikh caste group in the Punjab; considered to be low-caste by the dominant Jat cast. They claim their descent from Brahmin lineage (see Thomas and Ghuman, 1976).
Bhavan	temple of Chamar caste; also building
Biraderi	extended family network; also refers to caste group
Brahmin/Brahman	a member of the highest Hindu caste, that of the priesthood (OED); also called twice born
Chamar	an Untouchable caste who were traditionally leather workers; the acceptable term for all Untouchables now is Dalit. Chamar in India is considered offensive. If this caste group hails from Gujarat they are called Moochis
Chamarli	separate area in north Indian villages where Chamars live
Chura	an Untouchable caste traditionally engaged in most menial work (sweeping, lavatory cleaning), which they consider very offensive
Dalit	oppressed people of India formerly called Untouchables; for wider use it is attributed to Dr Ambedkar
Dera	literally, a camp; a sacred compound
Dharm (Dharma)	in Hinduism, dharma is seen as the cosmic law both upheld by the gods and expressed in right behaviour by humans (OED); sometimes refers to religion or moral duty

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