CITIZENSHIP IN EUROPEAN CITIES
DAMES
Dansk Center for Migration
og Etniske Studier
Citizenship in European Cities
Immigrants, Local Politics and Integration Policies
Edited by
RINUS PENNINX
University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
KAREN KRAAL
University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
MARCO MARTINIELLO
University of Lige, Belgium
STEVEN VERTOVEC
University of Oxford, UK
First published 2004 by Ashgate Publishing
Published 2016 by Routledge
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Copyright Rinus Penninx, Karen Kraal, Marco Martiniello and Steven Vertovec 2004
Rinus Penninx, Karen Kraal, Marco Martiniello and Steven Vertovec have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editors of this work.
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Citizenship in European cities : immigrants, local politics and integration policies. - (Research in migration and ethnic relations series)
1.Minorities - Europe - Political activity 2.Immigrants - Europe - Political activity 3.Minorities - Government policy - Europe 4.Minorities - Europe - Social conditions 5.Sociology, Urban - Europe 6.Europe - Emigration and immigration
I. Penninx, Rinus
305.8'0094'091732
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Citizenship in European cities : immigrants, local politics and integration policies / edited by Rinus Penninx [et al.].
p. cm. -- (Research in migration and ethnic relations series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7546-4205-3
1. Europe-Emigration and immigration--Government policy. 2. Immigrants--Europe--Political activity. 3. Local government--Europe. 4. Cities and towns--Europe. I. Penninx, Rinus. II. Series.
JV7590. C58 2004
325.4--dc22
2004041111
ISBN 13: 978-0-7546-4205-3 (hbk)
Contents
Rinus Penninx, Karen Kraal, Marco Martiniello and Steven Vertovec
Hans Mahnig
Romain Garbaye
Michael Alexander
Meindert Fennema and Jean Tillie
M. Margarida Marques and Rui Santos
Damian Moore
Rinus Penninx and Marco Martiniello
Michael Alexander is finishing his PhD thesis at the Amsterdam Study Centre for the Metropolitan Environment, Universiteit van Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Meindert Fennema is Professor of Political Science and programme leader at the Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies, Universiteit van Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Romain Garbaye is lecturer in Anglophone Studies and Political Science at the Universit Paris IV Sorbonne in Paris, France.
Karen Kraal is an anthropologist and researcher at the Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies, Universiteit van Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Hans Mahnig worked before his untimely death in 2001 as a political scientist at the Swiss Forum for Migration Studies in Neuchtel, Switzerland.
M. Margarida Marques is Professor in the Department of Sociology and researcher at SociNova, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, Lisbon New University, Portugal.
Marco Martiniello is Professor of Political Science and Director of the Centre dEtudes de lEthnicit et des Migrations, Universit de Lige, Belgium.
Damian Moore is Doctor in Political Science and works at the Universit de Droit, dEconomie et des Sciences dAix-Marseille, Institut dEtudes Politiques dAix-en-Provence, France.
Rinus Penninx is Professor of Ethnic Studies and Director of the Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies, Universiteit van Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Rui Santos was Professor in the Department of Sociology and researcher at SociNova, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, Lisbon New University, Portugal.
Jean Tillie is senior researcher and programme leader at the Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies, Universiteit van Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Steven Vertovec is Professor of Social Anthropology and Director of the Centre on Migration, Policy and Society, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
This volume marks the culmination of a large-scale comparative research project entitled Multicultural Policies and Modes of Citizenship in European Cities (MPMC). This six-year project was supported by UNESCO and encompassed many European countries. The coordinators, Rinus Penninx, Marco Martiniello and Steven Vertovec, wish to thank all the research institutes, project teams, local civil servants, community groups and non-governmental organisations in 17 European cities that contributed to this significant endeavour. Detailed information on the project can be found on the MPMC website at http://www.unesco.org/most/p97.htm.
The MPMC project developed out of an earlier network brought together by John Rex of the University of Warwick; that network received support from the European Unions COST A2 committee on migration and from the UKS Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) from 1993 to 1995. The MPMC project, which succeeded it, was adopted by UNESCO in 1996. We are greatly indebted to Nadia Auriat and Ali Kazancigil of UNESCO for their interest and cooperation throughout the MPMC project. The MPMC project also owes a debt to the UNESCO National Commissions of Sweden, France and the Netherlands for their various modes of support during the project. In particular we appreciate the Dutch commissions backing for this final project volume. The MPMC project is further obliged to the Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies (IMES) at the University of Amsterdam for its superb administrative services.
With regard to both the project and this volume, we must express special thanks to Karen Kraal of IMES, who was an unmistakable lynchpin in all undertakings. For many years she cheerfully kept the entire network well informed and expertly organised. With regard to the preparation of this volume, we are grateful to Michael Dallas, who was the English language editor, and to Heleen Ronden and Hanneke Kossen, who prepared the manuscript for printing.
Steven Vertovec
Oxford, September 2003
Rinus Penninx, Karen Kraal, Marco Martiniello and Steven Vertovec
Introduction
In recent decades, international migration has become a major phenomenon worldwide. Europe has received a significant share of it. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), more than 20 million foreigners were living in the countries of the European Economic Area at the end of the twentieth century (OECD 2001:12). That amounted to 5.3 per cent of the total population, and it included neither naturalised immigrants, undocumented immigrants nor those waiting for political asylum. A recent report of the International Organization for Migration, apparently using broader criteria, estimates the migrant stocks on the European continent at more than 56 million, or 7.7 per cent of the population (IOM 2003: 29).