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Touraj Atabaki - Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran

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Book:
Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran
Author:
Touraj Atabaki
Publisher:
Bloomsbury Academic
Genre:
Books / Politics
Year:
2000
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This is a study of modern Iranian political history and is set in the international context of the Second World War and its aftermath. The rise and fall of the autonomous state in Iranian Azerbaijan can be said to be the beginning of the Cold War, and the issues it threw up - nationalism, ethnicity and citizenship - are vital towards understanding the present Azeri crisis. The book covers the essential background in Iranian political history in the 20th century including the role played by Azerbaijani politicians in the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-6, the drastic reforms of the autocratic Reza Shah regime and its effect on ethnic identity in Iranian Azerbaijan, the abdication of the Shah and the role of the Allied Powers and the occupations of Iran. The core of the study is the establishment of the autonomous government in 1945-6 and its demise, and an assessment of its achievements and organization - a vignette perhaps on the stage of international history but one which brings to the fore vital elements in the political history of the 20th century.
The book draws on Turkish, Persian and Azeri sources as well as British, French, American and Soviet materials and interviews with surviving members of the period of autonomous government in Iranian Azerbaijan. It contains biographical details of the leading protagonists of the period.

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SUHA BOLUKBASI is Professor of International Relations at the Middle East - photo 1

SUHA BOLUKBASI is Professor of International Relations at the Middle East Technical University, Ankara. He holds a PhD from the University of Virginia and has held visiting appointments at Indiana University, Oberlin College and Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.

New paperback edition published in 2014 by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd

6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU

175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010

www.ibtauris.com

Distributed in the United States and Canada Exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan

175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010

First published in hardback in 2011 by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd

The right of Suha Bolukbasi to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by the author in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

ISBN: 978 178076 759 8

eISBN: 978 085773 762 5

A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

A full CIP record is available from the Library of Congress

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: available

To my daughter Defne

Contents

List of Plates

Contemporary Azerbaijan map, including Armenian-occupied Nagorno-Karabagh. Source: University of Texas at Austin (www.lib.utexas.edu)

Nagorno-Karabagh map, currently under Armenian military forces. Source: public domain.

Azerbaijan map. Source: www.lib.utexas.edup

Nineteenth-century occupation of Azerbaijan by Russia: with dates for the occupation of different parts. Source: public domain.

Abulfaz Elchibey. First President of independent Azerbaijan. Source: public domain.

Heidar Aliev. USSR era First Secretary of Azerbaijan and post-independence second president. Source: public domain.

Abulfaz Elchibey together with Turkish President Turgut Ozal and Prime Minister Suleyman Demirel at the celebration of the Turkish Republic Day in Ankara. October 29, 1992. Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/25497000@N04/2587044866/

Azeri President Ilham Aliyev met with Russian President Medvedev. April 20, 2009. Source: public domain.

Ilham Aliev. Current President of Azerbaijan who succeeded his father, Heidar Aliev. Source: public domain.

Post-Black January demonstrations in Baku. Demonstrations after the January 20, 1990 Soviet invasion of Baku.

Source: www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=1049079

Khojaly massacre in 1991. Source: www.khojaly.net/img/003.jpg

Azeri Martyrs Cemetery in Baku. Burial place of Nagorno-Karabagh war victims. Source: public domain.

Azeri woman refugee after having been expelled from Nagorno-Karabagh. She is located in the Sabirabad camp. Source: Azerbaijan International Magazine, paper edition, Spring 1997.

Fleeing on foot from Kelbejar, Azerbaijan, after the Armenians attacked this region. April, 1993. Source: http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/51_folder_/51_articles/51_editorial.html

Every attempt has been made to gain permission for the use of the images in this book. Any omissions will be rectified in future editions.

List of Abbreviations and Terms

ACP	Armenian Communist Party
AzCP	Azerbaijan Communist Party
Azrevkom	Azerbaijan Revolutionary Committee
BBC/SWB	BBC Summaries of World Broadcasts
Dashnaktsutiun Party	Socialist/Nationalist Armenian Party
Duma	Assembly, Parliament
FBIS	Foreign Broadcasts Information Service
Gorilspolkom	City Soviet Executive Committee
Gubernia (plural Gubernii)	Province(s)
Himmat Party	Toil (or Endeavor) Party
Hunchak Party	Armenian Social Democratic Party
Krunk	Organization of Secessionist Karabagh Armenians
Korenisatsiia	Nativization
Miatsum	Campaign to Unify Armenia with Mountainous Karabagh
Musavat Party	Party of Equality
Oblispolkom	Oblast Soviet Executive Committee
Orgburo	Organizational Bureau of the AzCP
Party Obkom	Oblast Party Committee
Ramgavar	Armenian Liberal Party
Rastsvet	Flourishing of national cultures under Khrushchev
Raykom	Raion Party Committee
Sblizhenie	Merger of nations into one Soviet nation
Sovnarkom	Soviet of Peoples Commissars (Council of Ministers)
Uezd(y)	District(s)
Zakavkom	Transcaucasian Commissariat
Zavkraikom	Transcaucasian Regional Committee

Note on Transliteration

The problems of spelling and transliteration were compounded due to a number of reasons. A major problem was that many sources referred to in this book used varying methods. To do justice to the original language I had to either pick one style of transliteration or come up with my own, combining insights from different approaches.

For Russian words, I used the most common form adopted by the standard Library of Congress system, while omitting diacritical marks. A tougher problem encountered concerned uniquely Azeri letters. Azerbaijani Cyrillic, used until Azerbaijan shifted to the use of Latin in the early independence years, included non-standard letters such as (pronounced like a in hat), y (same as in German), and (same as in German). While and are widely known, the letter is generally transliterated as , which in German is used as both a short and long vowel. Instead, I believe that the sound a as in many approximates the sound more adequately. Hence, to simplify reading of the text I chose a or e for , o for , and u for y. Therefore, Aliev instead of liev, and Efendiev instead of fndiev.

There were other transliteration problems. A case in point is the transliteration of the names of Azeris if the latter had immigrated to Turkey and had become also known by their Turkified names. Resulzadas Turkish name of Mehmet Emin Resulzade illustrates this phenomenon. I used his Azeri name of Mammad Emin Resulzada, although he is considered a Turkish hero and had spent a significant portion of his life in Turkey.

All in all, I have tried to use a minimal amount of foreign words in the text, transliterating only those terms for which there are no accurate English equivalent.

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