Women, Crime, and Justice: Balancing the Scales

Elaine Gunnison, Frances P. Bernat, and Lynne Goodstein

This edition first published 2017
2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Registered Office
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial Offices
350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA
9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK
The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.

The right of Elaine Gunnison, Frances P. Bernat and Lynne Goodstein to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Gunnison, Elaine, author. | Bernat, Frances P., author. | Goodstein, Lynne, author.
Title: Women, crime, and justice: balancing the scales / Elaine Gunnison, Frances P. Bernat and Lynne Goodstein.
Description: Chichester, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, [2017]
Identifiers: LCCN 2016004472 | ISBN 9781118793466 (pbk.)
Subjects: LCSH: Female offendersUnited States. | WomenCrimes
againstUnited States. | Sex discrimination in criminal justice
administrationUnited States.
Classification: LCC HV6046 .G86 2017 | DDC 364.082/0973dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016004472

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Cover image: GettyImages/Darrin Klimek

For the wonderful boys in my life who make each day special: Daniel, Zachary, and Evan

For my parents: Walter and Jane

E. G.

To Nick and Emily, may your days be as filled with love and joy as mine have been with you in my life.

F. B.

To Grace, whose love of reading will be a source of great joy throughout your lifetime.

L. G.

This book would not have been possible without the support of many individuals. First, and foremost, we must thank Wiley Blackwell for providing us with an opportunity to write this important book. A special thanks to Julia Teweles, our original Acquisitions Editor, who helped us with our proposal and the initial stages of this work. We also are greatly appreciative of our Editors, Julia Kirk and Haze Humbert. They continued our project through the several internal and external reviews of our chapters and have provided us with much needed support and guidance for the past two years. We also would like to thank Project Editor Allison Kostka for her assistance, Copy Editor Joanna Pyke for her insightful revisions, and our several anonymous reviewers who provided substantive recommendations for improving this academic work. A great big thank you to Jane Poore at Seattle University and Erick Martinez at Texas A&M International University. We owe particular thanks to these two graduate students, Jane and Erick, who were instrumental in helping us edit our chapters and compile the ancillary materials that accompany this book. Jane worked tirelessly on obtaining recent materials for the chapters, editing the chapters, and completing significant portions of the ancillary materials, producing great work on short timelines. She was a pleasure to work with, and she truly was an asset to this project. Erick brought charm and attention to the needs of having a male voice in editing the chapters, finding ancillary materials that provide a gender and ethnic/racial balance to the completed project. He was also a pleasure to work with and Fran valued his help and contributions to this book.

Elaine would like to thank the Dean's Office of the College of Arts and Sciences at Seattle University for their support. Additionally, Elaine would like to thank her Criminal Justice Department colleagues and staff who have been so supportive throughout this project: Jackie Helfgott, Matthew Hickman, Stephen Rice, Peter Collins, William Parkin, David Connor, Kate Reynolds, and Devin MacKrell. Finally, Elaine would like to thank her family, friends, and loved ones who cheered her along the way. Since Elaine arrived at Seattle University in 2004, Jackie Helfgott has been an incredible mentor and friend. Thanks, Jackie, for all the lunches, coffee breaks, advice, and attempts to get Elaine to de-stress or get her from a Type A to a Type A-. Your friendship means the world to Elaine. Elaine is also thankful to her husband, Daniel, who has yet again stood by her side and offered his support. Thanks, Daniel, for always being there, cheering her on, and being the best friend ever. Elaine is also so thankful for her wonderful little boys, Zachary and Evan. Both boys are smart, kind, loving, caring, talented, and hardworking, and Elaine is so proud to be their Mom. She will always cherish their Summer bike rides, the whale pool, and all of their silly moments. Elaine must also thank her miniature dachshund, Snaps, who slept next to her almost the entire time when she worked on this book. Elaine waited her whole life for Snaps, and she was well worth the wait. Elaine would also like to thank her many friends from graduate school (Lo Presser, Julie Kiernan-Coon, Lisa McCartan-Kim, Randy and Kati Pagulayan) and beyond (Katie and Paul Windle, the Collins family) for their encouragement. Last, but not least, Elaine would like to thank her parents, Walter and Jane, for all their support. Thanks for all your phone calls, visits, and words of wisdom.

Fran would like to thank the Dean's Office of the College of Arts and Sciences at Texas A&M International University for their support. The college's executive assistant, Hilda Dennis, provided much needed office staff support for which Fran is very grateful. In addition, TAMIU library provided additional support with legal and academic research. In particular, we want to thank Jeanette Hacker for her diligence and help in finding difficult literary materials. Fran would also like to extend a thank you to her wonderful colleagues who have provided her with stimulating academic conversations and fun over the years. Of particular note she wishes to thank the friendship and colleagueship of: Faith Lutze, Jacqueline Helfgott, Mary Stohr, Daniel Georges-Abeyie, Marie Griffin, Tom Winfree, Larry Mays, Otwin Marenin, Allen Brawley, Sara Alman, Emilia Martinez Brawley, Jean Hong, Candace McCoy, Rich Gitelson, Joy Pollock, Lynette Lee, and Paz Zorita. Fran wishes to thank the academic colleagueship from members of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences and the American Society of Criminology: Alida Merlo, Meda Chesney-Lind, Rosemary Gido, Loraine Gelsthorpe, Merry Morash, Angela Gover, Delores Jones-Brown, Sesha Kethineni, Leanne Alarid, Christine Sellers, Brenda Blackwell, Frankie Bailey, Joanne Belknap, Kimberly Dodson, and many others who have devoted their time and much needed attention to the study of women and criminal justice. Fran also warmly thanks her family and friends who make life a joy every day. She is proud of her children and knows that they help to make the world safe with their kind attention to the needs of others. As adults, her children continue to espouse the best of what individuals can and should be: intelligent, loving, thoughtful, responsive, and fun to be around. The world is a better place with each of the aforementioned persons in it. Fran thanks you from the bottom of her heart.