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Ann-kathrin Gembries (editor) - Children by Choice?: Changing Values, Reproduction, and Family Planning in the 20th Century (Wertewandel Im 20 Jahrhundert, 3)

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During the 20th century, medico-technical advances such as the invention of the latex condom (1930), the arrival of the contraceptive pill on the free market (1960/61) and the birth of the first child conceived by in vitro fertilization (1978) contributed to the fact that in Europe and the USA, the planning, conceiving and making of children was increasingly perceived as a matter of individual and collective decision-making.

Especially since mid-century, these societies underwent profound political, economic and cultural evolutions. In the realm of human reproduction the relationship between the possible, the desirable, and the permitted had to be continually renegotiated.

This volume examines in nine chapters how thinking, speaking and acting changed with regards to reproduction and family planning throughout the modern and post-modern period. Applying an international comparative perspective, the study specifically focuses on the role of value changes underlying these transformation processes.

Medizinisch-technische Errungenschaften des 20. Jahrhunderts, wie beispielsweise die Erfindung des Latex-Prservativs (1930), die Einfhrung der Anti-Baby-Pille (1961) auf dem freien Markt und die Geburt des ersten durch In-vitro-Fertilisation gezeugten Kindes (1978) fhrten in Europa und den USA dazu, dass das Planen, Zeugen und Machen von Kinder zunehmend Gegenstand individueller und gesellschaftlicher Auseinandersetzungen wurde. Vor dem Hintergrund umfassender politischer, konomischer und kultureller Transformationen musste dabei das Verhltnis zwischen Machbarem, Wnschenswertem und Erlaubtem gesellschaftlich immer wieder neu ausgehandelt werden. Der vorliegende Band untersucht in acht Beitrgen, wie sich im 20. Jahrhundert das Denken, Reden und Handeln im Hinblick auf Kinder und Familienplanung vernderte. In einer international vergleichenden Perspektive wird dabei insbesondere der diesen Entwicklungen zugrunde liegende Wertewandel in den Blick genommen.

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Ann-kathrin Gembries (editor)
Children by Choice?: Changing Values, Reproduction, and Family Planning in the 20th Century (Wertewandel Im 20 Jahrhundert, 3)

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Children by Choice Wertewandel im 20 Jahrhundert Band 3 Herausgegeben von - photo 1
Children by Choice?
Wertewandel
im 20. Jahrhundert
Band 3
Herausgegeben von Andreas Rdder
ISBN 978-3-11-052202-0 e-ISBN PDF 978-3-11-052449-9 e-ISBN EPUB - photo 2
ISBN 978-3-11-052202-0
e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-052449-9
e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-052206-8
ISSN 2366-9446
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018934561
Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet ber http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar.
2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
www.degruyter.com
Theresia Theuke
Introduction: Children by Choice?
Changing Values, Reproduction, and Family Planning in the 20th Century
How have attitudes, thought, speech and action changed in the last century with regard to family planning and reproduction? Can these changes be represented as a change in values, i.e., a long-term change in standards, values and practices around reproduction and if so, how? These questions were at the center of an international conference entitled Making Children? 20th Century Value Changes in Human Reproduction and Family Planning, held in April 2016 at the Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz, which emerged from the research project Values and value change in modernity and postmodernity.
The conference participants from Austria, Germany, France, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, Poland and Italy examined various negotiation processes in the 20th century regarding techniques and practices of sexuality, reproduction and family planning in the context of value shifts and changing attitudes. It turned out that the process of negotiation and change was very different in the context of the varieties of forms of government, societies and cultures studied, and that narrative and justification patterns for the introduction of contraceptives or the legalization of abortion were not only different, but sometimes even contradictory.
Phenomenology of Family Planning and Reproduction
In todays societies, it is self-evident that children can not only be begotten and planned but also made. The medical and technical achievements of the twentieth century, such as the introduction of the latex condom in the 1930s, the admission of the pill as a hormonal contraceptive in the 1960s, or the establishment of in vitro fertilization since the end of the 1970s, not only enabled the prevention but also the exact planning of the next generation. The separation of sexuality and reproduction and the associated decoupling of parents and partnerships, which was made possible by the pill no later than the 1960s, as well as the associated increase in liberties in family planning and life-style, were not without an effect on the actors and social structures involved. In addition, the introduction and spread of chemical and mechanical contraceptives affected and influenced the social forms of the family, population development and gen. The discussions on the legalization of abortion as a subsequent means of birth control and family planning also changed attitudes regarding the value of life, womens rights, and provoked discussions about the limitations and possibilities of family planning.
The changes described here, which took place at different times in cultures and nations with different aims and characteristics, necessitated a change in values and norms which can also be regarded as the result of such a process. The discussions about the introduction of contraceptives and the legalization of abortion reflect the values and value changes of the respective actors. For example, in the debate about the legalization of abortion, there were two mutually exclusive values: on the one hand the position of the absolute right to life for the embryo and, on the other, the focus on the individual right to self-determination of the woman. In the past century, the disputes over the legalization of abortion not only had an unprecedented political and social explosiveness, but also led to a change in values, not just with respect to the enforcement of womens rights over their bodies and their reproduction, but at the same time over determining the status of the embryo and its rights.
Overall, in the development and change processes of family planning and reproduction in the 20th century, reproductive decisions in modern societies were both preventively influenced by the use of contraceptive measures and permissively by the termination of an existing pregnancy. Family planning by means of mechanical, chemical or natural aids was evaluated quite differently, morally, legally and ethically in the private and public spaces of various societies and from the point of view of the couples and women affected by them. It also concerned the assessment of abortion, its legal admissibility, and its social acceptance.
The multi-layered controversies surrounding family planning and reproduction, which have sprung up since the second half of the 20th century at the latest, show a strong tendency towards state intervention in a highly private sphere of life. The parliamentary conflicts and the attempt to influence, control and regulate the sexuality, reproduction and family planning of couples and women by means of legal regulations provoked debates, which were carried out depending on the nation under consideration by different social and political actors and groupings. Thus, the state assessments of the legal admissibility of contraceptives and access to abortions were closely linked to the commitment of womens movements, which claimed their reproductive autonomy in the various states, which included access to preventive means, sterilization and legal abortion according to medical standards and the promotion of sex education and awareness training. The Catholic Church, however, continued to oppose this attitude and demanded a ban on abortions and a more conservative sexual morality. These two weighty counterparts, the Catholic Church and Womens Movements, reveal the tremendous explosive force of the disputes about changes in family planning and reproduction, which must be considered a central part of the historical development of the negotiation processes for reproduction and family planning from the beginning of the 20th century until the 1970s. Moreover, change processes cannot be viewed as isolated phenomena, but as always taking place in the context of political, social, economic and cultural transformations.
Approaches to Research Literature
In the scientific literature of various disciplines, based on a large number of publications, there is a great interest in dealing with the controversies surrounding family planning, sexuality and reproduction. The negotiation processes have been dealt with especially in sociological research and increasingly also in the literature of historical science. In the majority of the scientific approaches to a study of the negotiation processes, these are partial studies which analyze individual aspects on a short-term basis.
Analyses that take into account longer periods of time and thus allow for the presentation of a change remain the exception, such as the collection of essays Inventing the Modern American Family edited by Isabel Heinemann, which examines the changes and value shifts of the concept of the family in the US in the 20th century.
As a result, the existing studies show changes in attitudes and assessments with regard to changes in the practical use of the medical and technical possibilities of family planning and reproduction, without explicitly considering the aspect of changes in value settings.
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