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David E. Bernstein - Classified: The Untold Story of Racial Classification in America

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David E. Bernstein Classified: The Untold Story of Racial Classification in America
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A call for the separation of race and state, backed by a deep dive into the surreal world of racial classification in America.The racial categories that the schools use are completely bonkers, an arbitrary mess mostly left over from the work of federal bureaucrats in the 1970s that cant withstand the slightest scrutiny. The administrators who rely on these categories are beholden to senseless and unscientific distinctionsthey arent even competent or rational racialists. Justice Samuel Alito raised this issue in the arguments, pretty clearly relying on the work of George Mason University professor David Bernstein, who eviscerated the categories in an amicus brief and has written a book on their origin and implications, Classified: The Untold Story of Racial Classification in America.National ReviewAmericans are understandably squeamish about official racial and ethnic classifications. Nevertheless, they are ubiquitous in American life. Applying for a job, mortgage, university admission, citizenship, government contracts, and much more involves checking a box stating whether one is Black, White, Asian, Hispanic, or Native American.While reviewing the surprising history of American racial classifications, Classified raises questions about the classifications coherence, logic, and fairness; for example: Should Pakistani, Chinese, and Filipino Americans be in the same category despite their obvious differences in culture, appearance, religion, and more? Why does the government not allow Americans to classify themselves as bi- or multi-racial? How did the government decide that a dark-complexioned, burka-wearing Muslim Yemini should be classified as generically white, but a blond-haired, blue-eyed immigrant from Spain should be classified as Hispanic and treated as a member of a minority group? Why does the government require biomedical researchers to classify study participants by the official racial categories, when the classifications have no scientific basis?In an increasingly diverse society with high rates of intergroup marriage, the American system of racial classification is getting even more arbitrary and absurd. With rising ethno-nationalism threatening democracy around the world, its also dangerous. Classified argues that the time has come to consider abolishing official racial classification and replace it with the separation of race and state.

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Advance Praise for Classified The nation urgently needs what David E - photo 1

Advance Praise for Classified

The nation urgently needs what David E. Bernstein here provides: a lucid explanation of the long and tangled intersection of racial classifications and the law. With the intellectual boldness and clarity that he brought to Rehabilitating Lochner, he points to a path from todays tensions to a less angry, more sophisticated future.

George F. Will, Washington Post

A thorough, careful, magisterial work on a subject thats both of great practical and great theoretical importance in modern American law; highly recommended.

Eugene Volokh, Gary T. Schwartz Distinguished Professor of Law, UCLA School of Law

Chief Justice John Roberts has called our racial sorting system a sordid business. In Classified, David Bernstein provides the sordid details. What began as a government effort to combat discrimination now serves mainly to advance political agendas and stoke racial resentment. Well-researched and clearly written, Classified explains how we got into this mess and why a rethinking of official racial and ethnic categories is long overdue.

Jason L. Riley, Wall Street Journal columnist, and author of Maverick: A Biography of Thomas Sowell

David E. Bernsteins excellent bookClassified: The Untold Story of Racial Classification in Americaexposes the full extent of what we all should have known: When governments dispense benefits based on race and ethnicity, the conflict over which groups should receive those benefits and which individuals qualify as members of those groups will be never-ending.

Gail Heriot, Professor of Law, University of San Diego, and member, U.S. Commission on Civil Rights

David Bernstein has written an illuminating, thoughtful, and often troubling book about the history of racial classifications in American law. This history underscores the validity of Oliver Wendell Holmess dictum that experience, rather than logic, dictates the actual development of law, for Bernstein demonstrates the extent to which the adoption of racial (or, more commonly ethnic) classifications has been responsive far more to systematic political pressures rather than the application of a coherent overarching theory. Even (or especially) supporters of affirmative action, as I ambivalently continue to be, will benefit enormously from confronting the material that Bernstein carefully presents. It truly deserves a wide readership and, just as importantly, respectful discussion.

Sanford Levinson, W. St. John Garwood and W. St. John Garwood, Jr. Centennial Chair, University of Texas Law School, and author of Wrestling with Diversity

We mock the racial-classifications schemes of the Jim Crow south, of Nazi Germany, and of Apartheid South Africa. But as David Bernstein ably demonstrates, our own racial classification system is just as risible, and no more scientific.

Glenn Reynolds, Beauchamp Brogan Distinguished Professor of Law, University of Tennessee, founder of Instapundit.com

David E. Bernstein proves ably and conclusively that the familiar legal classifications for racial and ethnic groups used by the federal and state governments, census-takers, medical regulators, racial-preference dispensers, and others are arbitrary to an extreme.

Stuart Taylor, contributing editor, National Journal , and coauthor, Mismatch: How Affirmative Action Hurts Students Its Intended to Help, and Why Universities Wont Admit It

Published by Bombardier Books An Imprint of Post Hill Press ISBN - photo 2

Published by Bombardier Books

An Imprint of Post Hill Press

ISBN: 978-1-63758-173-5

ISBN (eBook): 978-1-63758-174-2

Classified:

The Untold Story of Racial Classification in America

2022 by David E. Bernstein

All Rights Reserved

Cover Design by Matt Margolis

Interior Design by Yoni Limor

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means without the written permission of the author and publisher.

Post Hill Press New York Nashville posthillpresscom Published in the United - photo 3

Post Hill Press

New York Nashville

posthillpress.com

Published in the United States of America

For Natalie, Eden, and Ben

O fficial American racial and ethnic classifications are arbitrary and inconsistent, both in how they are defined and how they are enforced. The categories are socially constructed and historically contingent. They evolved from older racist categories and have barely been updated since the 1970s.

Consider the governments official Asian American classification. This classification derives from a racist category used before the modern civil rights era to exclude those classified as Asian from immigration and citizenship. People in the Asian American category are extremely diverse in appearance, culture, religion, and ancestry. Asian American includes people with ancestry anywhere from Pakistan to Indonesia and Japan but excludes all people of western Asian origin. Most people who come within the Asian American category do not identify with that label. Nevertheless, they are classified as if they are part of a monolithic group.

This has real-world consequences. Kao Lee Yang, a Hmong American neuroscience PhD student, was recently nominated for a prestigious fellowship for students who are members of groups historically excluded from and underrepresented in science. The fellowship committee determined that because Yang is Asian American, she is not a member of an underrepresented group. The committee therefore refused to even consider her application.

Yang took to Twitter to vent: While some Asian Americans are academically successful, others like the Hmong are underrepresented in STEM and academia in generalname me just one Hmong American woman you know who is a neuroscientist. She added, I am an example of the consequences resulting from the continued practice of grouping people with East/Southeast/South Asian heritages underneath the Asian American umbrella.

Yang blamed her predicament on the model minority myth that Asian Americans are all successful. Her ire would have been better targeted at the federal Department of Education. For over forty years, its Office of Civil Rights has required educational institutions to collect and report demographic data about Asian Americans, with no differentiation among the many national origin groups. The educational establishment, in turn, has grown accustomed to treating Asian Americans as a uniform racial group.

Americas official racial and ethnic classifications can be particularly troublesome for people who immigrate to the United States from other countries, where Americas unique system of racial and ethnic classification is unknown. My wife, for example, is an olive-complexioned American citizen born and raised in Israel. She is of Sephardic and Iraqi Jewish descent. She does not think of herself in American racial terms. Instead, she considers herself to be Jewish, Sephardia (Sephardic), and Mizrahit (Middle Eastern). None of these categories is recognized by the US government, and none is available to check on forms.

I recently helped a native of Peru of mixed Spanish and indigenous origin apply for a green card. She was mystified by the form asking her to classify herself by one of the standard American racial categories. None of the racial options fit how she perceived herself. The American Indian category on the form, which might otherwise have covered her Inca ancestry, is limited to North American Indians.

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