Min Zhou - Contemporary Asian America (): A Multidisciplinary Reader

Edited by Min Zhou and Anthony C. Ocampo

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS

New York and London

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS

New York and London

www.nyupress.org

2016 by New York University

All rights reserved

References to Internet websites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor New York University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Zhou, Min, 1956 editor. | Ocampo, Anthony Christian, 1981 editor.

Title: Contemporary Asian America : a multidisciplinary reader / edited by Min Zhou and Anthony C. Ocampo.

Description: Third edition. | New York : New York University Press, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2015043568| ISBN 9781479829231 (cl : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781479826223 (pb : alk. paper)

Subjects: LCSH: Asian Americans. | Asian AmericansStudy and teaching.

Classification: LCC EO C 2016 | DDC 973/.0495dc23

LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015043568

e-ISBN: 978-1-4798-4999-4

From Min Zhou: For Philip Jia Guo and Lisa Phuong Mai, the children of Asian immigrants

From Anthony C. Ocampo: For my parents Myrtle and Chito Ocampo, immigrants from the Philippines

Min Zhou, Anthony C. Ocampo, and J. V. Gatewood

Karen Umemoto

Glenn Omatsu

Min Zhou, Anthony C. Ocampo, and J. V. Gatewood

Carl L. Bankston III and Danielle Antoinette Hidalgo

Rhacel Salazar Parreas

Yang Sao Xiong

Wei Li, Emily Skop, and Wan Yu

Pawan Dhingra

Yen Le Espiritu

Susan Eckstein and Thanh-Nghi Nguyen

Kevin L. Nadal and Melissa J. H. Corpus

C. Winter Han

Janine Young Kim

Anthony C. Ocampo

Min Zhou

Jennifer Lee and Frank D. Bean

Kim Park Nelson

Lisa Park

Sunaina Maira

Derald Wing Sue, Jennifer Bucceri, Annie I. Lin, Kevin L. Nadal, and Gina C. Torino

Maxwell Leung

Lisa Sun-Hee Park

OiYan Poon and Ester Sihite

Lisa Lowe

Nadia Y. Kim

Jennifer Ng, Yoon Pak, and Xavier Hernandez

S. Karthick Ramakrishnan, Janelle Wong, Taeku Lee, and Jane Junn

Asian American Population, 19802000 (Thousands)

Top Ten Metro Areas with Largest Asian American Population, 2010

Largest Asian American Population Growth, by Region and State, 20002010

Socioeconomic and Family Characteristics of the US Population and of Major Southeast Asian Groups in the United States, 20102012

Poverty Rate of Select Racial/Ethnic Categories, 19891999

Population of Hmong Alone by Select US States, 19902010

Average Household and Family Size by US General and US Hmong Populations

Proportion in Poverty by US and Hmong Family Type, 20052010

Asian Americans in the United States and Top Ten States, 19902010

Metropolitan Areas with Largest Asian American Populations, 2010

Metropolitan Areas with Asian American Population at Least One Percent of National Total

Top Ten Countries of Origin of Foreign-Born Hairdresser and Grooming Service Workers in the United States in 2000

Percentage of Nail Technicians in the United States of Diverse Ethnicities, 19992009

Vietnamese Manicurists by Year of Arrival (%), in 2007

Domains and Themes

Everyday Words in English, Spanish, and Tagalog

Panethnic Identification of Respondents (N = 50)

Panethnic Identification by Ethnicity, Second-Generation Asians (N = 1,617)

Panethnic Identification by Ethnicity, Second-Generation Asians (N = 921)

Rates of Exogamy among Marriages Containing at Least One Member of the Racial/Ethnic Group

Multiracial Identification by Census Racial Categories

Most and Least Multiracial States

Asian American Vote Choice in the 2008 Primaries, among Registered Voters

Asian American Vote Choice in the 2008 General Election, among Registered Voters, by Month of Interview

Asian American Vote Choice in the 2008 General Election, among Registered Voters, by Primary Vote Choice

Group Distance and the Black-Latino Divide among Asian American Registered Voters

Asian American Vote Choice in the 2008 General Election, among Registered Voters, by Ethnicity

Logit Regressions of Vote Choice in the 2008 Primary and General Election

Ordered Logit Regression of Intended Vote Choice in the 2008 General Election

Percentage Distribution of Asian American Population, 19002010

Asian American Population: Percentage Foreign-Born, 19002010

Major Southeast Asian Populations in the United States, 19202013

Detailed Asian Groups by Foreign-Born, Second Generation, and Third and Later Generations

Chinatown in San Francisco

Number of Nail Salons in the United States, 19912008

Nail and Beauty Salon Share of Total Revenue in the Beauty Sector, 19992007

There was a time, not too long ago, when race in America was synonymous with the black-white dichotomy. But since the United States reformed its immigration policy and reopened its borders to newcomers, immigrants and their children have transformed the racial landscape of this country. In the past decade or so alone, the immigrant population has grown tremendously, from thirty million at the turn of the twenty-first century to over forty million today. The Pew Research Centers comprehensive study of Asian Americans, titled The Rise of Asian Americans, surprised many by pointing out that Asian Americans, not Latinos, constituted the fastest growing racial group, and much of the growth is due to international migration. More than a third (36 percent) of the new immigrants who came to this country in 2010 were of Asian American or Pacific Islander descent, compared to 31 percent of Latino origin.

Over the past half century, Asian Americans grew from fewer than one million (or 0.6 percent of the total US population) in 1960 to more than nineteen million (or 6 percent of the US population) in 2013. Asian Americans have now complicated Americans notions of race. By virtue of their presence all over the country, it is now impossible for nineteen million people of Asian origins to remain unseen.

As the contributors of the following chapters demonstrate, Asian Americans have carved out niches and made themselves visible within many arenas of American lifeschools and colleges, community-based organizations, suburbs and ethnoburbs, neighborhoods and gayborhoods, political movements, and even professional sports leagues. Asian American immigrants and their children work in every echelon of the mainstream and ethnic labor marketsprofessional occupations, service sectors, hospitality industries, and health care and medicineand have achieved measureable positive socioeconomic outcomes. Unlike the European and Asian immigrants of yesteryear, they excel in the education arena and fare well in American society on economic terms. They also have more resources and technology to intimately and economically tether themselves to the home countries they left behind. The emerging popularity of social media has helped democratize American pop culture, and Asian Americans have used the Internet to raise social consciousness (e.g., 18millionrising.org,