Xiaojian Zhao - Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History

An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural,
Economic, and Political History

Xiaojian Zhao

Edward J. W. Park

Jennifer S. Abe

Andrew Stuart Abel

Dean Ryuta Adachi

Kritika Agarwal

Jiexia Zhai Autry

Eiichiro Azuma

Carl L. Bankston, III

Lorraine K. Bannai

Jiemin Bao

Victor Bascara

Eugenia Beh

Linda Bentz

Joseph Bernardo

Rick Bonus

Andrea Bustard

Susie Lan Cassel

Frank Cha

Marn J. Cha

Peter T. Cha

Asiroh Cham

Jachinson Chan

Sucheng Chan

Benji Chang

Edward Taehan Chang

Jian Chen

Winston Chou

Jennifer Jihye Chun

Hye Seung Chung

Patrick Chung

Genevieve Clutario

Niccole Leilanionapaeaina Coggins

Christian Collet

Thuy Vo Dang

Mary Yu Danico

Douglas Daniels

Loan Dao

Mitra Das

Shilpa S. Dav

Jean-Paul R. DeGuzman

Erwin de Leon

Celestine Detvongsa

Pawan Dhingra

Brian Dinh

Hien Duc Do

Ivy Dulay

Paul Englesberg

Augusto Espiritu

Yen Le Espiritu

Alfred P. Flores

Anne Frank

Joel S. Franks

May C. Fu

Diane Carol Fujino

Annie Fukushima

Katie Furuyama

Theodore S. Gonzalves

Sarah Griffith

Xilin Guo

Ambi Harsha

Jeanette Yih Harvie

Fang He

James A. Hirabayashi

Lane Ryo Hirabayashi

Calvin N. Ho

Lien Hoang

Linh Hua

Winnie Tam Hung

Phil Hutchison

Florante Ibanez

Daniel H. Inouye

Rachel M. Joo

Wendy Rouse Jorae

Eri Kameyama

Miliann Kang

Rosie N. Kar

Anna Joo Kim

Joomi C. Kim

Katherine Yungmee Kim

Kwang Chung Kim

Rebecca Y. Kim

Rose M. Kim

Cynya Michelle Ko

Yuchun Kuo

Scott Kurashige

Andrea Y. Kwon

Peter Kwong

Vinay Lal

Shanshan Lan

C. N. Le

Albert J. Lee

Erika Lee

Hyein Lee

Jennifer J. Lee

Mai Na M. Lee

Shelley Sang-Hee Lee

Maxwell Leung

Sharleen Naomi Nakamoto Levine

Biyu Li

Wei Li

Pei-te Lien

Jan Lin

Weiqiang Lin

Haiming Liu

Yanjun Liu

Valerie Lo

Belinda Lum

Alvin Luo

Nan Ma

Jonathan Magat

Rei Magosaki

Lee Arne Makela

Michael K. Masatsugu

Valerie J. Matsumoto

Ruthanne Lum McCunn

Davianna Pomaikai McGregor

Dusanka Miscevic

Sangay K. Mishra

Jeffrey A. S. Moniz

Emily Morishima

Kerry Yo Nakagawa

Sanae Nakatani

Anjali Nath

Franklin Ng

erin Khu Ninh

Arthur Nishimura

Kesaya E. Noda

Leakhena Nou

Robert ODowd

Thomas G. Oey

Dennis M. Ogawa

Sookhee Oh

Stella Oh

Sameer Pandya

Edward J. W. Park

John S. W. Park

Jung-Sun Park

Terry Park

Chi-ting Peng

Le Phan

Malaphone Phommasa

Wei Chi Poon

Diana A. Price

Terumi Rafferty-Osaki

Jeanette Roan

Greg Robinson

Randall Rohe

Peter M. Romaskiewicz

John P. Rosa

Joseph Allen Ruanto-Ramirez

Rifat A. Salam

Michelle A. Samura

Raymond San Diego

Christen Sasaki

Jeffrey Kim Schroeder

Brandon P. Seto

Yuan Shu

Dawinder S. Sidhu

Marie-Arvi Bayani Simbol

Seema Sohi

Amanda Lee A. Solomon

Bill Staples, Jr.

Jason Stohler

Phi Hong Su

Phung Su

Joseph R. Svinth

Katie O. Swain

Thea Quiray Tagle

Okiyoshi Takeda

S. K. Thrift

Monica M. Trieu

Yuying Tsong

Yoko Tsukuda

Dawn Lee Tu

Joe Udell

Maria Theresa Valenzuela

Jimiliz M. Valiente-Neighbours

Cam Vu

Yuting Wang

Zuoyue Wang

Yosay Wangdi

Priscilla Wegars

Lily Anne Yumi Welty

Megan White

Lola Williamson

Tom Wolf

K. Scott Wong

Christina J. Woo

Susie Woo

Grace Chieh Wu

Tian Wu

Jane H. Yamashiro

Jeffrey T. Yamashita

Wendi Yamashita

Kelly K. Yang

Krystal Shyun Yang

Mina Yang

Philip Q. Yang

Xintong Yang

Chiou-Ling Yeh

Brenda S.A. Yeoh

Kathleen S. Yep

Xiao-huang Yin

Grace J. Yoo

Mari Yoshihara

K. Kale Yu

Renqiu Yu

Bright L. Yuan

Judy Yung

James Zarsadiaz

Xuefeng Zhang

Alan Zhao

Xiaojian Zhao

Da Zheng

Min Zhou

Helen Zia

Benjamin C. Zulueta

Copyright 2014 by ABC-CLIO, LLC

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Asian Americans : an encyclopedia of social, cultural, economic, and political history / Xiaojian Zhao and Edward J.W. Park, editors.

volumes cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 9781598842395 (set : cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 9781598842401 (ebook) 1. Asian AmericansEncyclopedias. I. Zhao, Xiaojian, 1953 editor of compilation. II. Park, Edward J. W., editor of compilation.

E184.A75A842648 2014

973.0495dc23 2013012894

ISBN: 9781598842395
EISBN: 9781598842401

18 17 16 15 14 1 2 3 4 5

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We are honored and humbled to serve as the editors of Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History. This three-volume encyclopedia is a collaborative effort of more than two hundred scholars from various fields and disciplines. The project is committed to making research results and records about Asian Americans readily available in one reference source, where the interested reader can locate the facts, events, trends, or policies concerning Asian Americans, Asian American history, and Asian American studies. Conscious efforts were made on a number of fronts to reflect some of the important developments in Asian American studies and to cover underrepresented groups. Most of the entries build upon existing literature, whereas new research was conducted to cover understudied areas and topics. We gave special attention to issues concerning race, class, and gender relations, as well as transpacific and transnational dimensions of Asian Americans.

Given the diversity and complexity of the ethnic group and the rapid pace of growth of Asian Americans in a fast-changing world, we recognize that the completion of such an undertaking is only one step to our ever-expanding knowledge of the Asian American experience. The field of Asian American studies is relatively young. We trust this book will create a foundation for the expansion of academic inquiries. By making these records more readily accessible, we hope to reach out to a wider audience and inspire more future research.

Beginning in 2000, the U.S. Census Bureau has identified Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders as an independent race category separate from Asian Americans. Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders have unique histories and experiences of their own, and their affiliations with the United States are quite different from those of Asian Americans. To lump Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders together with Asian Americans is to marginalize these groups of people. Nevertheless, because they had been grouped together with Asian Americans by government agencies and academic institutions, readers are more likely to look for information about them from Asian American reference books. For this reason we have made an effort to include some entries on Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders in this project.