Walter Hill - Historical Roots of the Urban Crisis: African Americans in the Industrial City, 1900-1950 (Crosscurrents in African American History (Garland Publishing))

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HISTORICAL ROOTS OF THE URBAN CRISIS

CROSSCURRENTS IN AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY
VOL. 7
ROUTLEDGE REFERENCE LIBRARY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
VOL. 1148

CROSSCURRENTS IN AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY

GRAHAM RUSSELL HODGES AND MARGARET WASHINGTON

Series Editors

WRITINGS ON BLACK WOMEN OF THE DIASPORA
History, Language, and Identity
by Lean'tin L. Bracks

THE SLAVES OF LIBERTY
Freedom in Amite County, Mississippi, 18201868
by Dale Edwyna Smith

BLACK CONSERVATISM
Essays in Intellectual and Political History
edited by Peter Eisenstadt

MOVING ON
Black Loyalists in the Afro-Atlantic World
edited by John W. Puhs

AFRO-VIRGINIAN HISTORY AND CULTURE
edited by John Saillant

UNYIELDING SPIRITS
Black Women and Slavery in Early Canada and Jamaica
by Maureen G. Elgersman

HISTORICAL ROOTS OF THE URBAN CRISIS
African Americans in the Industrial City, 19001950
edited by Henry Louis Taylor, Jr., and Walter Hill

HISTORICAL ROOTS OF THE URBAN CRISIS

AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE INDUSTRIAL CITY, 19001950

HENRY LOUIS TAYLOR, JR.
AND
WALTER HILL
Editor

First published by Garland Publishing, Inc

This edition published 2011 by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

Copyright 2000 by Henry Louis Taylor, Jr., and Walter Hill

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Historical roots of the urban crisis : Blacks in the industrial city, 19001950/Henry Louis Taylor, Jr., and Walter Hill, editors.

p. cm. (Crosscurrents in African American history; v. 7) (Garland reference library of social science; vol. 1148)

Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8153-2749-8 (alk. paper)
1. Afro-AmericansSocial conditionsTo 1964. 2. Afro-AmericansEconomic conditions20th century. 3. City and town lifeUnited StatesHistory20th century. 4. IndustrialSocial aspectsUnited StatesHistory20th century. 5. Community developmentUnited StatesHistory20th century. 6. Urban policyUnited StatesHistory20th century. I. Taylor, Henry Louis. II. Hill, Walter. III. Series. IV. Garland reference library of social science; v. 1148.

E185.86.A3355 1999
973.0496073dc21 99-034344

Publisher's Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original may be apparent.

To Carol and Cinque

Contents

Graham Russell Hodges and Margaret Washington

Henry Louis Taylor, Jr., and Walter Hill

Henry Louis Taylor, Jr., and Walter Hill

Henry Louis Taylor, Jr., and Song-Ho Ha

Henry Louis Taylor, Jr.

Andrea Tuttle Kornbluh

Georgina Hickey

Andrew Wiese

Liesl Miller Orenic and Joe W. Trotter

Henry Louis Taylor, Jr., Vicky Dula, and Song-Ho Ha

Sigmund Shipp

Eileen Boris

Henry Louis Taylor, Jr., and Mark Naison

Series Editors' Foreword

The editors are especially pleased to publish Historical Roots of the Urban Crisis: African Americans in the Industrial City, 19001950. This excellent collection of original essays on the crucial topic of the modern black experience, edited by Henry Louis Taylor, Jr., and Walter Hill, presents work by senior and younger scholars. It depicts the blacks' struggle against racism and segregation in employment and housing, a struggle from which black workers built a potent black community and reached across the barrier of class to identify with middle-class, educated African Americans.

This mixture of analytic and contextual essays offers an array of insights and thoughtful meditations on key questions of the modern urban black experience. Taylor and Hill have collaborated wisely with other scholars to make this book important and timely. Their diligence has made the book broad in scope yet coherent in focus. Historical Roots of the Urban Crisis will fascinate anyone concerned about race, the city, and America's significant social experiences. The editors are proud of this collection and hope to publish more quality collections like it in the near future.

Graham Russell Hodges
Margaret Washington

Acknowledgments

This book grew out of a desire to deepen my understanding of the relationship between the black experience in the industrial city and the contemporary urban crisis. As a historian, urban planner, and social commentator, I believe the current problems facing African Americans cannot be understood fully without deeper insights into their experiences in the industrial city. Yet, as both Kenneth L. Kusmer and Michael Katz have pointed out, sociologists, economists, geographers, and anthropologists dominate much of the current discussion of African Americans in the postindustrial city. The historical perspective is very limited, and relevant information about the past is often distorted or erroneous. Nonetheless, interdisciplinary research on the black urban experience has generated importance insights. As Kusmer points out, now the time has come to construct a historical framework that will provide a scaffolding for contemporary studies of the African American urban experience. Such a framework can be helpful not only to social scientists studying the urban crisis but also to planners and policy makers who are formulating and implementing strategies and plans to do something about the crisis.

With this goal in mind, I call my good friend, Walter Hill, to discuss the project with him. The idea was to conduct a study of the historical roots of the urban crisis that linked together the industrial to the postindustrial black urban experience. Walter loved the idea, and we started assembling a research team consisting of both junior and senior scholars. Methodologically, we approached this as a social science history project rather than a simple anthology of collected works. We wanted to produce a volume of original essays, researched and written specifically for this project. Walter and I carefully crafted a conceptual framework to guide the research and worked closely with the contributors to ensure that their chapters evolved within the context of this framework. This book is the outcome of that effort.

Many people helped with the production of Historical Roots of the Urban Crisis: African Americans in the Industrial City, 19001950. Command center for the project was the Center for Urban Studies (CENTER), School of Architecture and Planning, State University of New York at Buffalo. The CENTER sponsored the research project, and many of its staff members and graduate assistants played an important role in its production. Several deserve special mention. Vicky Dula, then Research Coordinator at the CENTER, supervised the development of a working bibliography to guide work on this project. Ms. Dula, with the assistance of Carmille Andrea West, a graduate student in Applied Public Affairs, unearthed hundreds of studies, dissertations, theses, and articles on the black experience in the industrial city. West compiled these works, along with an essay that explains both the methodology and the study's conceptual framework, into a Master's Project entitled

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