Steven Biel - Independent Intellectuals in the United States, 1910-1945

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INDEPENDENT INTELLECTUALS
IN THE UNITED STATES, 19101945

The American Social Experience Series

GENERAL EDITOR: JAMES KIRBY MARTIN
EDITORS: PAULA S. FASS, STEVEN H. MINTZ,
CARL PRINCE, JAMES W. REED & PETER N. STEARNS

1. The March to the Sea and Beyond: Shermans Troops
in the Savannah and Carolinas Campaigns

JOSEPH T. GLATTHAAR

2. Childbearing in American Society: 16501850

CATHERINE M. SCHOLTEN

3. The Origins of Behaviorism: American Psychology, 18701920

JOHN M. ODONNELL

4. New York City Cartmen, 16671850

GRAHAM RUSSELL HODGES

5. From Equal Suffrage to Equal Rights: Alice Paul and
the National Womans Party, 19101928

CHRISTINE A. LUNARDINI

6. Mr. Jeffersons Army: Political and Social Reform
of the Military Establishment, 18011809

THEODORE J. CRACKEL

7. A Peculiar People: Slave Religion and
Community-Culture among the Gullahs

MARGARET WASHINGTON CREEL

8. A Mixed Multitude: The Struggle for Toleration
in Colonial Pennsylvania

SALLY SCHWARTZ

9. Women, Work, and Fertility, 19001986

SUSAN HOUSEHOLDER VAN HORN

10. Liberty, Virtue, and Progress: Northerners and Their War for the Union

EARL J. HESS

11. Lewis M. Terman: Pioneer in Psychological Testing

HENRY L. MINTON

12. Schools as Sorters: Lewis M. Terman, Applied Psychology, and
the Intelligence Testing Movement, 18901930

PAUL DAVIS CHAPMAN

13. Free Love: Marriage and Middle-Class Radicalism
in America, 18251860

JOHN C. SPURLOCK

14. Jealousy: The Evolution of an Emotion in American History

PETER N. STEARNS

15. The Nurturing Neighborhood: The Brownsville Boys Club
and Jewish Community in Urban America, 19401990

GERALD SORIN

16. War in America to 1775: Before Yankee Doodle

JOHN MORGAN DEDERER

17. An American Vision: Far Western Landscape and
National Culture, 18201920

ANNE FARRAR HYDE

18. Frederick Law Olmsted: The Passion of a Public Artist

MELVIN KALFUS

19. Medical Malpractice in Nineteenth-Century America: Origins and Legacy

KENNETH ALLEN DE VILLE

20. Dancing in Chains: The Youth of William Dean Howells

RODNEY D. OLSEN

21. Breaking the Bonds: Marital Discord in
Pennsylvania, 17301830

MERRIL D. SMITH

22. In the Web of Class: Delinquents and Reformers
in Boston, 1810s-1930s

ERIC C. SCHNEIDER

23. Army of Manifest Destiny: The American Soldier
in the Mexican War, 18461848

JAMES M. MCCAFFREY

24. The Dutch-American Farm

DAVID STEVEN COHEN

25. Independent Intellectuals in the
United States, 19101945

STEVEN BIEL

INDEPENDENT INTELLECTUALS IN THE UNITED STATES, 19101945

STEVEN BIEL

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS

New York and London

Copyright 1992 by New York University

All rights reserved

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Biel, Steven, 1960-

Independent intellectuals in the United States, 19101945 / Steven Biel.

p. cm. (The American social experience series; 25)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 08147-1188-X (cloth : alk. paper)

1. United StatesIntellectual life20th century.

2. IntellectualsUnited StatesHistory20th century. I. Title.

II. Series.

E169.12.B53 1992

973.9dc20 9214935

CIP

New York University Press books are printed on acid-free paper
and their binding materials are chosen for strength and durability.

Manufactured in the United States of America

c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

For Jean

I have a profound belief in criticism and in the great work criticism, and criticism alone, can do for America in the immediate future. I believe there is a large and growing class of young men whose minds are set on the problem of making American life richer, more personal, more expressive, more disinterested.

VAN WYCK BROOKS

Acknowledgments

There are some parallels, which I would not want to exaggerate, between the life of a historian starting out in the 1980s and the lives of independent intellectuals in the first half of the century: financial anxieties, concerns about autonomy and purpose, yearnings to escape the university. In my case, as in theirs, the effort was sustained and redeemed by a sense of intellectual community. The basement of Robinson Hall in the corner of Harvard Yard provided camaraderie, criticism, humor, and solidarity throughout the completion of this project. I would especially like to thank Mark Peterson, Bruce Venarde, Vince Tompkins, and Eric Hinderaker; theirs has been the spark of other minds to rub up against that Randolph Bourne defined as the essence of friendship. I would also like to thank Marc Forster, Karla Goldman, Fran MacDonnell, Tom Siegel, Maureen Miller, Michael Prokopow, and Gerry Prokopowicz, all of whom give hope for the future of professional history as a humanity.

I began to write this book immediately after a conference in honor of Donald Fleming. The tributes of so many outstanding historians confirmed for me my good fortune in studying with a teacher of extraordinary intellectual generosity. One of the organizers of the conference, John L. Thomas, gave the first college history lecture I heard, introduced me to intellectual history, read this manuscript, and continues to be an invaluable source of ideas and suggestions. My debts to these two mentors are enormous. Brian Balogh, with his remarkable grasp of twentieth-century American history, helped illuminate the connections between my subject and the historiography of the professions and expertise. In addition, I am grateful to Alan Brinkley, Terry Cooney, Paula Fass, Joanne Meyerowitz, Zane Miller, Hilda Smith, and Dan Terris for comments and advice at various stages of my work.

The librarians and staffs at several archives deserve mention for facilitating my research: the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University; the Houghton Library, Harvard University; the Lilly Library, Indiana University; the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress; the Rare Books and Manuscripts Division of the New York Public Library; and the Sterling and Beinecke Libraries at Yale University. Nancy Shawcross and Daniel Traister of the Van Pelt-Dietrich Library Center at the University of Pennsylvania were particularly accommodating. Colin Jones and Despina Gimbel of New York University Press guided the book through to publication with great care and efficiency.

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