Patrick Renshaw - The Longman Companion to America in the Era of the Two World Wars, 1910-1945

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The Longman Companion to

America in the Era of the Two World Wars, 1910-1945

Longman Companions to History

General Editors: Chris Cook and John Stevenson

Now available

THE LONGMAN COMPANION TO THE TUDOR AGE
Rosemary ODay

THE LONGMAN COMPANION TO NAPOLEONIC EUROPE
Clive Emsley

THE LONGMAN COMPANION TO EUROPEAN NATIONALISM, 1789-1920
Raymond Pearson

THE LONGMAN COMPANION TO AMERICA IN THE ERA OF THE TWO WORLD WARS, 1910-1945
Patrick Renshaw

THE LONGMAN COMPANION TO THE MIDDLE EAST SINCE 1914
Ritchie Ovendale

THE LONGMAN COMPANION TO BRITAIN IN THE ERA OF THE TWO WORLD WARS, 1914-45
Andrew Thorpe

THE LONGMAN COMPANION TO COLD WAR AND DETENTE, 1941-91
John W. Young

THE LONGMAN COMPANION TO NAZI GERMANY
Tim Kirk

THE LONGMAN COMPANION TO BRITAIN SINCE 1945
Chris Cook and John Stevenson

First published 1996 by Longman Group Limited

Published 2014 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Published in the United States o f America
by Routledge

Taylor & Francis 1996

All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd., 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE.

ISBN 0 582 09116 0 CSD
ISBN 978-0-582-09115-3 PPR
ISBN 978-1-315-84464-0 (elSBN)

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Renshaw, Patrick, 1936-

The Longman companion to America in the era of the two world wars, 1910-1945 / Patrick Renshaw.

p. cm. - (Longman companions to history)

Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.

ISBN 0-582-09116-0. - ISBN 0-582-09115-2 (pbk.)

1. United States-History-1901-1953. I. Title. II. Series.

E741.R45 1996

973.91-dc 20

95-23386
CIP

Set by 7LL in 10/llpt New Baskerville

Transferred to digital print on demand, 2002

In loving memory of my son Richard, born 3 June 1973 died 9 June 1994

You are my sunshine,
My only sunshine ,
You make me happy
When skies are gray.
You ll never know, dear,
How much I love you.
Please don 4 take my sunshine away

The other night, dear,
As I lay sleeping,
I dreamt that you were by my side.
Came disillusion
When I awoke, dear,
You were gone
And then I cried.

You Are My Sunshine
(by Jimmy Davis, Governor of Louisiana 196064)

Contents

This is not the kind of book which I ever expected to write, so my first obligation is to thank John Stevenson for suggesting that I do so. He also advised me how to set about it, read early drafts and made critical yet encouraging comments. The Department of History, Sheffield University, granted me study leave in autumn 1993, when I started the book, and the British Academy gave a generous award from their small grants fund. Colleagues at the department provided, as always, an excellent environment for work. Particular thanks go to: fellow Americanists Richard Carwardine, Robert Cook and Richard Thurlow; Stephen Salter and Mary Vincent, for help on European aspects of the tale told here; Mark Greengrass for crucial advice on organizing the research; and my former student Jack Hunt, for reference checking. I also owe a very great debt to my research assistant Steve Griffiths, without whom it is true to say this book would not have been written. He discussed its structure with me, did all the early library searching and wrote a substantial portion of the first chronologies, which I could then edit and expand.

The major reference works from which much of the information contained in this book was extracted are listed in the Introduction.

Finally, my deepest debt is to my wife Mary, especially for the love and courage she showed when our son Richard died as this book was being written.

Patrick Renshaw
Sheffield, 26 April 1995

We are grateful to Peermusic (UK) Ltd for permission to reproduce an extract from You are my Sunshine (Davis/Mitchell) 1941 Peer International Corporation, USA/Peermusic (UK) Ltd.

The publishers would like to thank Martin Gilbert author of American History Atlas and Routledge publishers for granting us permission to reproduce .

Whilst every effort has been made to trace the owners of copyright material, this has proved to be problematic and so we take this opportunity to offer our apologies to any copyright holders whose rights we may have unwittingly infringed.

Between 1910 and 1945 America moved from being a world power to holding a position of dominance in global political, economic and financial affairs without parallel in modern history. How and why this happened is a story as fascinating as it is important, and I hope readers will find this book, as it is intended to be, a useful companion to that wider theme.

Although based on a lifetimes study of twentieth-century American history, the text does not rest on original research but on many other, longer reference books. Of these, Arthur M. Schlesinger, ed., The Almanac of Amencan History (New York, 1983) and Charles van Doren and Robert McHenry, eds, Websters Guide to Amencan History (Springfield, Mass., 1971) were the most useful.

The chronology in treats the most significant cases involving civil liberties and major Supreme Court decisions from 1910 to 1945.

During the period covered by this book, the United States transformed itself from a nation which was still predominantly agricultural into the industrial and financial powerhouse of the capitalist world. is designed to show how this happened, mostly through the use of statistical tables. These have all been compiled from US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Histoncal Statistics of the United States (Washington DC, 1975).

In contains brief biographies of key figures in American life during this period, much of which data can be found in Allen Johnson and others, The Amencan Dictionary of National Biography (New York, 19281980) and Who Was Who in Amenca, vols I and II 18971942 and 19431950 (Chicago 1943 and 1963), including the supplements to both publications.

Maps in showing US presidential election returns between 1916 and 1944 are taken from Samuel Lubell, The Future of Amencan Politics (New York, 1965). Those showing the scope of the Tennessee Valley Authority after 1933 and Allied advances in Europe 194445 and in the Pacific between 1941 and 1945 are based on maps in Martin Gilberts, American History Atlas (London, 1968).

I had hoped to include something on two of my great loves, jazz and cinema. Jazz is a uniquely American form of music which swept the world between 1910 and 1945, while millions from other nations took their view of the US from Hollywood and the movie screen. However, I somewhat reluctantly concluded that, like sport, other aspects of popular culture and the arts, they could not be treated adequately in a book of this scope.

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