Muriel E. Chamberlain - Longman Companion to the Formation of the European Empires, 1488-1920

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THE LONGMAN COMPANION TO

THE FORMATION OF THE EUROPEAN EMPIRES, 14881920

LONGMAN COMPANIONS TO HISTORY

General Editors: Chris Cook and John Stevenson

The following Companions to History are now available:

Renaissance Europe, 13901530

Stella Fletcher

The European Reformation

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The Tudor Age

Rosemary ODay

The Stuart Age, 16031714

John Wroughton

Britain in the Eighteenth Century, 16881820

Jeremy Gregory and John Stevenson

European Nationalism, 17891920

Raymond Pearson

European Decolonisation

Muriel E. Chamberlain

The Middle East since 1914 (Second Edition)

Ritchie Ovendale

America, 19101945

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Nazi Germany

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Britain since 1945

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Germany since 1945

Adrian Webb

The European Union since 1945

Alasdair Blair

Imperial Russia, 16951917

David Longley

Napoleonic Europe

Clive Emsley

Britain in the Nineteenth Century, 18151914

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Harry Harmer

Russia since 1914

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THE LONGMAN COMPANION TO

THE FORMATION OF THE EUROPEAN EMPIRES, 1488-1920

Muriel E. Chamberlain

First published 2000 by Pearson Education Limited

Published 2014 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 2000, Taylor & Francis.

The right of Muriel E. Chamberlain to be identified as author of this Work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1998.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notices

Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

ISBN 13: 978-0-582-36979-5 (pbk)

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this book can be obtained from the Library of Congress

Typeset by 35

CONTENTS

Whatever one may think of the morality of empire, it is undeniable that the European empires, created between the late fifteenth and the early twentieth centuries, have shaped the modern world, certainly in its political and economic aspects and often culturally as well. They began not in strength but in weakness, when Europe itself was still in retreat from the forces of Islam, but by the late nineteenth century Europe seemed invincible. The watershed was the First World War, although this was not immediately apparent. Some empires, like the British, actually grew larger after 1918 with the acquisition of mandated territories. But the creation of the League of Nations and the establishment of the mandate system marked the beginning of a change in world opinion. The smash and grab tactics of the nineteenth and earlier centuries were no longer acceptable.

In one sense the present book is Volume One to the authors European Decolonisation in the Twentieth Century, setting the scene for the developments of that century. As in the earlier work only certain aspects could be covered. Only the European maritime empires are included. The equally large and important land empires of Russia and the United States are not. Very important controversies about the reasons for European expansion and the reactions of the non-European peoples could only be hinted at.

My thanks are due to my successor as the Head of the History Department in the University of Wales Swansea, Professor David Eastwood, who readily allowed me to continue to use departmental facilities to enable me to finish this book.

Professor M.E. Chamberlain
July 2000

The effects of the conflicts between Christendom and Islam

The Age of Discovery was in part a response to the pressures of Islam at a time when Europe itself was still contracting. Consequently it always had elements of a crusade, including the hope of linking up with Christians left behind by the advance of Islam, such as the mysterious Prester John.

Conflicts

	Death of Muhammad.
	Arab conquest of Jerusalem.
	Arab conquest of Egypt.
71115	Arab (Moorish) conquest of whole of Visigothic Spain.
	Battle of Poitiers. Charles Martel defeated Arabs near Tours. Henceforth Islamic forces remained south of the Pyrenees.
	Arab invasion of Sicily.
Late 10th cent.	Venice took advantage of political decline of Byzantine empire to become the rising power in the Eastern Mediterranean. Began to conquer Dalmation coast. Genoa too tried to replace Byzantium (Constantinople) in Mediterranean trade.
11th cent.	Rise of Seljuk Turks.
1071	Seljuk Turks defeated Byzantine forces at battle of Manzikert and gained control of Asia Minor.
1096	First Crusade launched in response to Constantinoples pleas for help from the West.
1096	Pope extended the crusade to the struggle against the Moors in Spain. Reconquest (Reconquista) of Iberian Peninsula took several centuries.

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