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Keith Laybourn - The Independent Labour Party, 1914-1939: The Political and Cultural History of a Socialist Party

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Historians of political history are fascinated by the rise and fall of political parties and, for twentieth-century Britain, most obviously the rise of the Labour Party and the decline of the Liberal Party. What is often overlooked in this political development is the work of the Independent Labour Party (ILP), which was a formative influence in the growth of the political Labour movement and its leaders in the late nineteenth century and the early to mid-twentieth century. The ILP supplied the Labour Party with some of its leading political figures, such as Ramsay MacDonald, and moved the Labour Party along the road of parliamentary socialism. However, divided over the First World War and challenged by the Labour Party becoming socialist in 1918, it had to face the fact that it was no longer the major parliamentary socialist party in Britain.

Although it recovered after the First World War, rising to between 37,000 and 55,000 members, it came into conflict with the Labour Party and two Labour governments over their gradualist approach to socialism. This eventually led to its disaffiliation from the Labour Party in 1932 and its subsequent fragmentation into pro-Labour, pro-communist and independent groups. Its new revolutionary policy divided its members, as did the Abyssinian crisis, the Spanish Civil War and the Moscow Show Trials. By the end of the 1930s, seeking to re-affiliate to the Labour Party, it had been reduced to 2,000 to 3,000 members, was a sect rather than a party and had earned Hugh Daltons description that it was the ILP flea.

In the following monograph, Keith Laybourn analyses the dynamic shifts in this history across 25 years. This scholarship will prove foundational for scholars and researchers of modern British history and socialist thought in the twentieth century.

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The Independent Labour Party 19141939 Historians of political history are - photo 1
The Independent Labour Party, 19141939
Historians of political history are fascinated by the rise and fall of political parties and, for twentieth-century Britain, most obviously the rise of the Labour Party and the decline of the Liberal Party. What is often overlooked in this political development is the work of the Independent Labour Party (ILP), which was a formative influence in the growth of the political Labour movement and its leaders in the late nineteenth century and the early to mid-twentieth century. The ILP supplied the Labour Party with some of its leading political figures, such as Ramsay MacDonald, and moved the Labour Party along the road of parliamentary socialism. However, divided over the First World War and challenged by the Labour Party becoming socialist in 1918, it had to face the fact that it was no longer the major parliamentary socialist party in Britain.
Although it recovered after the First World War, rising to between 37,000 and 55,000 members, it came into conflict with the Labour Party and two Labour governments over their gradualist approach to socialism. This eventually led to its disaffiliation from the Labour Party in 1932 and its subsequent fragmentation into pro-Labour, pro-communist and independent groups. Its new revolutionary policy divided its members, as did the Abyssinian crisis, the Spanish Civil War and the Moscow Show Trials. By the end of the 1930s, seeking to re-affiliate to the Labour Party, it had been reduced to 2,000 to 3,000 members, was a sect rather than a party and had earned Hugh Daltons description that it was the ILP flea.
In the following monograph, Keith Laybourn analyses the dynamic shifts in this history across 25 years. This scholarship will prove foundational for scholars and researchers of modern British history and socialist thought in the twentieth century.
Keith Laybourn is the Diamond Jubilee Professor at the University of Huddersfield within the Division of History, where he has previously been Professor of Modern British History. He is also President of the Society for the Study of Labour History.
Routledge Studies in Modern British History
Neoliberal Thought and Thatcherism
A Transition from Here to There?
Robert Ledger
English Gentlemen and World Soccer
Corinthians, Amateurism and the Global Game
Chris Bolsmann and Dilwyn Porter
Milton Keynes in British Culture
Imagining England
Lauren Pik
Winston Churchill
At War and Thinking of War before 1939
Edited by B.J.C. McKercher and Antoine Capet
James Mills Utilitarian Logic and Politics
Antis Loizides
Chartism, Commemoration and the Cult of the Radical Hero
Matthew Roberts
White-Collar Crime in Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth-Century Britain
John Benson
Transport and its Place in History
Making the Connections
Edited by David Turner
The Independent Labour Party, 19141939
The Political and Cultural History of a Socialist Party
Keith Laybourn
For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/history/series/RSMBH
First published 2020
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
2020 Keith Laybourn
The right of Keith Laybourn to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN: 978-1-138-29400-4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-23177-8 (ebk)
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
This book is dedicated to the memory of Jack (John) Reynolds (19151988), an historian of medieval and local history, and author of a book on Titus Salt, who taught me about the Independent Labour Party when I was a student at the University of Bradford between 1964 and 1967. My early writings on the ILP were jointly authored with Jack.
Contents
Guide
All academic publications owe a debt of gratitude to the generosity of others, and this book is no exception. My colleagues and ex-colleagues at the University of Huddersfield have been very supportive, and these include Sarah Bastow, Barry Doyle, Rob Ellis, Rebecca Gill, Katherine Lewis, John Shepherd, David Taylor and Paul Ward. I would also like to thank the support of Brendan Evans, and Chris Ellis and Neil Pye, two of my former students. In fact, Neil sedulously digitised some of the ILP branch records for me. I would also like to thank Peter Gurney, Professor of History at the University of Essex, and Joan Allen, recently retired from the University of Newcastle, for their support and help in my study of Labour history over many years.
A considerable amount of the research took place at the British Library of Political Science at the London School of Economics, and I would like to thank the staff of that research archive, and particularly Anna Towlson, for allowing me access to the ILP National, Head Office and branch records they hold. Darren Treadwell, of the Labour History Archive & Study Centre of the Peoples History Museum, Manchester, was particularly helpful, allowing me to access the records of the communist party, Labour Party, the Middleton Papers, some ILP records, the Labour Leader and New Leader, ILP pamphlets and ILP Annual Reports. I would also like to thank Lynette Cawthra, of the Working Class Movement Library, Salford, particularly for access to copies of Labours Northern Voice and the ILP Annual Reports and pamphlets. Heidi OBrien and Barbara Neilson, of the Glasgow City Archives (Mitchell Library), were particularly helpful in providing the records of the ILP Glasgow Federation Minutes (TD 1693/1/1/1), and even more so when I faced unexpected difficulties. Dr. Heidi Egginton and Alison Mitchell, curators at the National Library of Scotland, gave me permission to use various ILP collections in their possession, as did David Smith of the Heritage Quay of the University of Huddersfield. The archives of Manchester Library, Information and Archives Local Studies Department gave me permission to quote from the Manchester Central ILP records. Gina Birdsall and Caroline Brown also provided me permission to quote from the Keighley ILP records in Keighley Local Studies Library. Last but not least, I would like to thank the Controller of Her Majestys Stationary Office (Norwich) for permission to quote from government records in The National Archives at Kew, the right to quote being automatic as long as proper attribution is made.
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