John Siko joined the US Government in 2000. He has worked on Southern African political issues throughout his career as an analyst and diplomat, serving in Pretoria (20042006) and Cape Town (20082011). He is, in addition, an adjunct professor at Georgetown and George Washington Universities in Washington DC. John has a D Litt et Phil from the University of South Africa, as well as a BA and MA from the George Washington University in Washington DC. He is a term member of the US Council on Foreign Relations. He lives in DC.
INSIDE
SOUTH AFRICAS
FOREIGN POLICY
Diplomacy in Africa from Smuts to Mbeki
J OHN S IKO
Published in 2014 by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd
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Copyright 2014 John Siko
The right of John Siko to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
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International Library of African Studies 43
ISBN: 978 1 78076 831 1
eISBN: 978 0 85773 579 9
A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
A full CIP record is available from the Library of Congress
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: available
Typeset in Garamond Three by OKS Prepress Services, Chennai, India
To Romy and Carl may you inherit your parents love of learning.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Many thanks are in order for this book. First off, my sincere thanks go out to Thabisi Hoeane, my advisor at the University of South Africa, for all of his guidance and meticulous review of the drafts of my doctoral dissertation, from which this book is derived. His assistance was invaluable in tightening my argumentation and improving the draft. Dirk Kotze of the Politics Department also provided valuable assistance in the early stages of the process and, most importantly, helped convince me to undertake the daunting task of a doctoral dissertation.
Two books, cited liberally in this text, gave me the inspiration to tackle the topic of South African foreign policy through the Mbeki period: Ned Mungers 1965 Notes on the Formation of South African Foreign Policy and Deon Geldenhuys 1984 Diplomacy of Isolation. My thanks go out to both authors. I never got the opportunity to meet Dr Munger, an American who passed away in 2010, but I did have the good fortune to talk with Dr Geldenhuys, who was extremely gracious in sitting for an interview.
My interviewees, all 113 of them, deserve tremendous thanks for taking time out of their busy schedules to meet in person (more than 100 of them), talk on the phone, or consider my questions by email. Their insider inputs and anecdotes provided me a wealth of information about the foreign policy decision-making process, past and present, which greatly enriched my analysis. While all interviewees were a huge help, I want to particularly thank Niel Barnard, Pik Botha, Pallo Jordan, and Aziz Pahad, each of whom gave me more than three hours of their time in one-on-one personal interviews.
Huge thanks go out to Todd Johnson, who read every chapter of this book and provided excellent feedback. Scott Hamilton and Jonathan Smallridge also read selected chapters and gave useful comments. Brendan Dabkowski, my oldest friend, meticulously edited the manuscript, making it far better in the process. Tomasz Hoskins and Allison Walker, my editors at I.B.Tauris, deserve huge thanks for guiding me through the process of publishing this manuscript. Last but not least, I have to thank my wife Yolaine for putting up with my research, writing, and editing over the past three years. She never complained about my long nights at the computer or my spending vacations trekking around South Africa to do interviews and research. Je t'aime tres fort, mon coeur!
LIST OF ACRONYMS
ACCORD | African Center for Constructive Resolution of Disputes |
AISA | Africa Institute of South Africa |
ANC | African National Congress |
BEE | Black Economic Empowerment |
BLSA | Business Leadership South Africa |
BOSS | Bureau of State Security |
BUSA | Business Unity South Africa |
CCR | Center for Conflict Resolution |
CIA | Central Intelligence Agency (USA) |
CONSAS | Constellation of Southern African States |
COSATU | Congress of South African Trade Unions |
CPS | Center for Policy Studies |
CSAS | Center for Southern African Studies |
DA | Democratic Alliance |
DEA | Department of External Affairs |
DFA | Department of Foreign Affairs |
DIA | Department of International Affairs (ANC) |
DIP | Department of Information and Publicity (ANC) |
DONS | Department of National Security |
DPLG | Department of Provincial and Local Government |
DTI | Department of Trade and Industry |
FAK | Federation of Afrikaner Cultural Organizations (translated) |
FRELIMO | Liberation Front of Mozambique (translated) |
G-8 | Group of 8 |
G-77 | Group of 77 |
IDP | Institute for Defense Policy |
IGD | Institute for Global Dialogue |
IMF | International Monetary Fund |
IRA | Irish Republican Army |
IRPS | International Relations, Peace, and Security |
ISS | Institute for Security Studies |
ISSUP | Institute for Strategic Studies-University of Pretoria |
MDC | Movement for Democratic Change (Zimbabwe) |
MI | Military Intelligence |
MK | Umkhonto we Sizwe (ANC armed wing) |
MPLA | Peoples Movement for the Liberation of Angola (translated) |
MRG | Military Research Group |
NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
NCOP | National Council of Provinces |
NEC | National Executive Committee |
NEPAD | New Economic Partnership for Africas Development |
NIA | National Intelligence Agency |
NIS | National Intelligence Service |
NP | National Party |
NWC | National Working Committee |
OAU | Organization of African Unity |
PAC | Pan-Africanist Congress |
PCAS | Policy Coordination and Advisory Services |
PCFA | Portfolio Committee on Foreign Affairs |
PLO | Palestinian Liberation Organization |
PRAU | Policy, Research, and Analysis Unit (DFA) |
RAU |