Chris Alden - South Africas Post Apartheid Foreign Policy: From Reconciliation to Revival?

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South Africas Post-Apartheid
Foreign Policy from
Reconciliation to Revival?

Chris Alden and Garth le Pere

ADELPHI PAPER 362

First published December 2003 by Oxford University Press for
The International Institute for Strategic Studies

Published 2018 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017

First issued in hardback 2018

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

The International Institute for Strategic Studies 2003

Oxford University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6DP
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data

ISBN 13: 978-1-138-47288-4 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-0-19-853078-7 (pbk)
ISBN 0567-932x

Contents

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Glossary

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ACCORD The African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes

AISA Africa Institute of South Africa

ANC African National Congress

ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations

AU African Union

CCR Centre for Conflict Resolution

CHOGM Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting

DFA Department of Foreign Affairs

DG Director-General

DoD Department of Defence

DRC Democratic Republic of Congo

DTI Department of Trade and Industry

EU European Union

FRETILIN Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GEAR Growth, Employment and Redistribution strategy

HIPC Highly Indebted Poor Countries

IMF International Monetary Fund

IRPS International Relations, Peace and Security

ISDSC Inter-State Defence and Security Committee

ISS Institute for Strategic Studies

MAP Millennium Africa Programme

MDC Movement for Democratic Change

MK Umkhonto we Sizwe

MLC Congolese Liberation Movement

MONUC UN Observer Mission to the Congo

MPLA Movimento Popular da Libertacao de Angola

NAI New African Initiative

NAM Non-aligned Movement

NCACC National Conventional Arms Control Committee

NEPAD New Partnership for Africas Development

NPT Non-proliferation Treaty

OAU Organisation of African Unity

OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development

OPDS Organ for Politics, Defence and Security

PCAS Policy Coordination and Advisory Services

RCD Congolese Rally for Democracy

RDP Reconstruction and Development Programme

SACU Southern African Customs Union

SADC Southern African Development Countries

SANDF South African Defence Force

SPLA Sudan Peoples Liberation Army

TBVC states Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei

UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNITA National Union for the Total Independence of Angola

WTO World Trade Organisation

---

In 1994, South Africa emerged from decades of international isolation induced by its apartheid policies into a world in the grip of rapid and sometimes contradictory change. Fratricidal war in places as diverse as Bosnia, Sierra Leone and Sri Lanka had demonstrated the potency of communities of blood rooted in exclusion while globalising capital, spurred on by rapid advances in communications and technological innovation, had trampled borders in search of new consumers and markets. The African continent, caught in a spiral of intermittent violence, rampant pandemics, economic decline and state collapse, appeared to be on the cusp of marginalisation from the promise of prosperity that accompanied the expansion of trade and diffusion of technology.

Against this backdrop, South Africans were challenged to construct new democratic institutions and an inclusive civic culture from the bitter legacy of decades of statutory racism and ideological division. Successive apartheid regimes had resorted to coercion and state violence to enforce what was universally condemned as illegitimate white minority rule.

Given this bitter history, the plaudits hailing South Africas negotiated political settlement and peaceful transition in 1994 were lyrical indeed. In the face of dour predictions of a racial war and harbingers of an apocalyptic future, its transition has been extolled as one of the most extraordinary political transformations of the twentieth century, in which South Africans have defied the logic of their past, and broken all the rules of social theory, to forge a powerful spirit of unity from a shattered nation. At the same time, the evolution of an overarching national identity has contended with potent forces from the countrys past.

Just as the fragile domestic situation presented a raft of challenges for the ANC, so the turbulent international environment and especially its consequences in Africa imposed specific and compelling demands upon the fledgling government in Pretoria. Building upon the legacy of the apartheid state and the liberation movement, the new South Africa sought to develop an activist role in international affairs. This was premised upon a belief in the compatibility of human rights, solidarity politics and the countrys own development needs. From questions as diverse as Nigerian democracy to independence for East Timor, President Nelson Mandela and his successor Thabo Mbeki have sought to invigorate the conduct of international affairs with reference to South Africas unique transition and moral stature. For the ANC, the struggle for an apartheid-free South Africa was in many ways a struggle for fundamental human rights. It was no coincidence, therefore, that human rights were canonised as a cornerstone of foreign policy.

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