Tigran Martirosyan - Scholars Guide to Humanities and Social Sciences in the Soviet Union and the Baltic States

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A Scholars Guide to Humanities and Social Sciences in the Soviet Successor States

A project of the

American Council of Learned Societies - Russian Academy of Sciences

Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences

Administered by

the International Research & Exchanges Board (IREX)

and

the Institute of Scientific Information in the Social Sciences (INION), Russian Academy of Sciences

Project Supervisors:

Academician Vladimir Vinogradov and Dr. Blair A. Ruble

Project Editors:

Mark H. Teeter, Robert Mdivani, Viktor Pliushchev, Blair A. Ruble, Lev Skvortsov, Wesley Fisher

Project Working Group:

Valerii Osinov, Viktor Cherviakov, Galina Levina, Mark H. Teeter, Viktor Pliushchev, Robert Mdivani, Olga Dorokhina, Elena Magai, Pavel Arefev

First published 1993 by M.E. Sharpe

Published 2019 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1993 Taylor & Francis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A Scholars guide to humanities and social sciences in the Soviet successor states :
the Academies of Sciences of Russia, Armenia, Azerbaidzhan, Belarus, Estonia,
Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirghizstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Tadzhikistan,
Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan / Institute of Scientific Information in the
Social Sciences (INION), Moscow [and] Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies,
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.-[2nded.]

p. cm.

Supervisors of the project, Vladimir Vinogradov, Blair A. Ruble; edited by:
Mark H. Teeter [et al.]; project working group, Valerii Osinov [et al.]-p. ii.
Includes indexes.

ISBN 0-87332-831-0

1. Learning institutions and societiesSoviet UnionDirectories.

2. Akademiia nauk SSRDirectories.

I. Vinogradov, Vladimir Alekseevich, 1921-

II. Ruble, Blair A., 1949-

III. Teeter, Mark H.

IV. Osinov, V. G.

V. Institut nauchnoi informatsii po obshchestvennym naukam

(Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk)

VI. Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies.

AS258.S36 1992

067dc20 92-6306

CIP

ISBN 13: 978-0-87332-831-9 (hbk)

Contents

Blair A. Ruble

Lev Skvortsov

1. ii
2. xvi

Guide

Dr. Blair A. Ruble
Director
Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C.

A well prepared and thoughtfully organized reference work communicates multiple levels of information, so that its appearance in multiple editions permits users to chart change over time. The first edition of A Scholars Guide to Humanities and Social Sciences in the Soviet Union appeared in early 1985, just as Mikhail Gorbachev was selected General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. This second edition goes to print - under a new title - some seven years later, and the universe it seeks to describe has been transformed. A third edition some time in the late 1990s undoubtedly will report on an academic landscape ever further removed from that covered by the first edition.

Before approaching this new knowledge industry, it is instructive to be reminded of the contours of the Soviet production of knowledge in the social sciences and humanities prior to 1985. Five characteristics marked the Soviet social sciences and humanities enterprise at that time, four of which distinguished it from similar activities in the United States.

1. Size of the enterprise. As in the United States, in the Soviet Union science involved an enormous investment of people and capital - tens of thousands of people and thousands of institutions. The data for Soviet science in 1985 showed that there were over 5,000 research institutions, including 20 academies, employing 1.5 million scientifqic workers, about a third of whom had graduate degrees. Approximately 800,000 science workers were employed in research institutions (including some 225,000 in the social sciences, as compared to 316,000 in the United States at the same time), one-fifth of them in academic institutions and the rest in other state agencies. Two-thirds of the scientific workers were employed in the Russian Federation, which was home to some 70 percent of the Soviet population.

2. Hierarchical and centralized character. The structure of Soviet social science had its roots in the 1920s and 1930s, and its development was ruled by a rigid administrative logic. The Soviet Academy of Sciences established branches in the capitals of the non-Russian republics in the 1930s, which absorbed the research functions of the local universities. During the period between the 1940s and the early 1960s, these branches became republic academies, and academy branches were created in all the autonomous republics by the mid-1970s. The academic structure thus grew in accordance with political and bureaucratic principles, with scientific considerations playing only a secondary role.

3. Influence of extra-academic considerations. It is well known that research and personnel decisions were strongly influenced by ideology, ethnic considerations, and conformity and that research organizations were open to KGB influence and infiltration to a degree qualitatively different from patterns in other advanced countries.

4. Relative isolation. Between the 1920s and 1985, virtually no Soviet social scientists were trained in foreign graduate programs, and there was very little cross-publication or joint authorship of scientific papers between Soviet scholars and foreigners.

5. Uniformity of research product. Although debates always existed in the Soviet social sciences and humanities, they were often conducted in obscure and Aesopean language, frequently within a very narrow range of acceptable disagreement. Consequently, the product of research appeared to be much more standardized than in other scientific communities (and, in fact, than was actually the case inside the Soviet community of social scientists and humanists). Massive projects undertaken to honor this or that anniversary of some politically or ideologically significant event were scattered throughout the research reported in the 1985 edition of the Scholars Guide . Such efforts lent an overly standardized cast to much of the research product.

The radical transformation of the countrys political and economic life since 1985 has dramatically altered the manner in which research is conducted in the social sciences and humanities. Many more changes are no doubt in store for the scholars and institutions covered in this edition of the Scholars Guide . Nonetheless, five important trends have already altered much of what distinguished Soviet social science and humanities research from that in other advanced industrial states.

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