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Christopher J. Tozzi - Nationalizing Frances Army: Foreign, Black, and Jewish Troops in the French Military, 1715-1831

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Nationalizing Frances Army: Foreign, Black, and Jewish Troops in the French Military, 1715-1831: summary, description and annotation

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Before the French Revolution, tens of thousands of foreigners served in Frances army. They included troops from not only all parts of Europe but also places as far away as Madagascar, West Africa, and New York City. Beginning in 1789, the French revolutionaries, driven by a new political ideology that placed the nation at the center of sovereignty, began aggressively purging the army of men they did not consider French, even if those troops supported the new regime. Such efforts proved much more difficult than the revolutionaries anticipated, however, owing to both their need for soldiers as France waged war against much of the rest of Europe and the difficulty of defining nationality cleanly at the dawn of the modern era. Napoleon later faced the same conundrums as he vacillated between policies favoring and rejecting foreigners from his army. It was not until the Bourbon Restoration, when the modern French Foreign Legion appeared, that the French state established an enduring policy on the place of foreigners within its armed forces.


By telling the story of Frances noncitizen soldierswho included men born abroad as well as Jews and blacks whose citizenship rights were subject to contestationChristopher Tozzi sheds new light on the roots of revolutionary Frances inability to integrate its national community despite the inclusionary promise of French republicanism. Drawing on a range of original, unpublished archival sources, Tozzi also highlights the linguistic, religious, cultural, and racial differences that Frances experiments with noncitizen soldiers introduced to eighteenth- and nineteenth-century French society.

Winner of the Walker Cowen Memorial Prize for an Outstanding Work of Scholarship in Eighteenth-Century Studies

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NATIONALIZING FRANCES ARMY
FOREIGN, BLACK, AND JEWISH TROOPS IN THE FRENCH MILITARY, 1715 1831
CHRISTOPHER J. TOZZI
University of Virginia Press
CHARLOTTESVILLE AND LONDON
University of Virginia Press
2016 by the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
First published 2016
1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
NAMES: Tozzi, Christopher J., 1986 author.
TITLE : Nationalizing Frances Army : foreign, Black, and Jewish troops in the French military, 17151831 / Christopher J. Tozzi.
OTHER TITLES : Foreign, Black, and Jewish troops in the French military, 17151831
DESCRIPTION : Charlottesville : University of Virginia Press, [2016] | Series:
Winner of the Walker Cowen Memorial Prize for an outstanding work of scholarship in eighteenth-century studies | Includes bibliographical references and index.
IDENTIFIERS : LCCN 2015035152| ISBN 9780813938332 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780813938349 (ebook)
SUBJECTS: LCSH : FranceHistory, Military17891815. | France. ArmeHistory18th century. | Jewish soldiersFranceHistory. | Soldiers, BlackFranceHistory. | Mercenary troopsFranceHistory. | Foreign enlistmentFranceHistory. | Napoleonic Wars, 18001815Participation, Foreign. | France. ArmeHistory19th century. | FranceHistory, Military17151789.
CLASSIFICATION: LCC DC 152.5 .T66 2016 | DDC 355.00944/09033dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015035152
Winner of the Walker Cowen Memorial Prize for an outstanding work of scholarship in eighteenth-century studies
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In contrast to my colleagues in the hard sciences, I work in a discipline in which little scholarship appears under coauthorship. That is a pity, because this book is hardly the fruit of my labors alone. Accordingly, it is with great pleasure that I acknowledge in the space below some of the colleagues, friends, and organizations whose assistance and encouragement made this project possible. I regret only that, for want of unrestricted space, many names of those who deserve credit will remain absent from these pages.
In Paris, Bernard Gainot, Florence Gauthier, Jennifer Heuer, and Marie-Jeanne Rossignol offered guidance while I was performing the research that laid the foundation for this book. From the United States, Rafe Blaufarb, Franois Furstenberg, and Richard Kagan read early drafts of chapters that made their way into the manuscript. Wilda Anderson, Steven David, Michael Kwass, and John Marshall provided comments on the project as a whole, which proved invaluable as I revised the manuscript for publication.
I received feedback on separately published book chapters and journal articles, in which some of the ideas that made their way into this book had their first incarnations, from Reynald Abad, Mary Ashburn Miller, Vicki Caron, Hilary Footitt, Eddie Kolla, Khalid Kurji, David Moak, Kenneth Moss, Alyssa Sepinwall, David Woodworth, and a still-anonymous reader for the Journal of Modern History. The anonymous reviewers of my manuscript for the University of Virginia Press helped enormously to sharpen the arguments and flesh out the substance of this book during the final stages of revision.
I am grateful, too, to the staff of the University of Virginia Press, especially Angie Hogan and Mark Mones, for making the preparation and production of this book a remarkably smooth and enjoyable process.
Generous material support for research came from the Social Sciences Research Council (with funding provided by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation); a bourse Chateaubriand from the embassy of France in the United States; a Massachusetts Fellowship from the Society of the Cincinnati; a Jane L. Keddy Memorial Fellowship from the John Carter Brown Library; the Institut Franais dAmrique; a Carl J. Ekberg research grant from the Center for French Colonial Studies; a Leonard and Helen R. Stulman Jewish Studies Award from Johns Hopkins University; a research grant from John Hopkins funded by J. Brien Key; and an award from the Singleton Center for the Study of Pre-Modern Europe at Johns Hopkins.
Howard University provided a research grant, as well as a reduction of my teaching load, that supported the completion of this book. I owe much, too, to my colleagues at Howard, especially Ana-Lucia Araujo, Jeffrey Kerr-Ritchie, and Edna Greene Medford, for their mentorship while I worked on the manuscript.
I have been extraordinarily lucky to have the support of a host of friends who, on both sides of the Atlantic, made the years I spent researching and writing this book such rich ones for mind and soul. Will Brown, Sara Damiano, Cole Jones, and Jessica Walker were particularly supportive colleagues and companions in Baltimore. Anne-Lise Guignard provided a futon, and some excellent tarte flambe, during research in Strasbourg. In Paris, Nimisha Barton, Philippe Florentin, Lucy Gellman, Kelly Jakes, Michael Kozakowski, Vanessa Lincoln, Anton Matytsin, Malgorzata Przepirka, Katherine McDonough, Laura Sims, Kelly Summers, and Karen Turman helped me to make the very most of days inside the archives, as well as evenings on quai de la Tournelle.
I am profoundly grateful to David A. Bell, whose boundless generosity, unfailing encouragement, and exceptional direction not only assured the success of this book, but also did very much to make possible the rewarding life I now lead as a teacher and researcher.
Some material in chapter 7 is adapted from my essay Jews, Soldiering, and Citizenship in Revolutionary and Napoleonic France, in The Journal of Modern History 86 (June 2014). 2014 by the University of Chicago 0022-2801 / 2014/8602-0001$10.00. All rights reserved. Some material that appears in chapters 1, 4, and 6 on languages spoken by foreign troops is adapted from my essay One Army, Many Languages: Foreign Troops and Linguistic Diversity in the Eighteenth-Century French Military, in Hilary Footitt and Michael Kelly, eds., Languages and the Military: Alliances, Occupation and Peace Building, 2012, Palgrave Macmillan, reproduced with permission of Palgrave Macmillan. I am grateful to the publishers of both of these works for allowing me to adapt parts of these contributions for use in this book.
M ORE PERSONALLY , I remain deeply indebted to my parents, Barbara, Anthony, and Carole Tozzi, for their unflagging support during the years I worked on this project, even when it was not at all clear how a terminal degree in French history would translate into gainful employment. My grandmothers, Dorothy Schatzle and Mary Ann Tozzi, will not see these pages in print, but their love is inscribed onto each one of them. So, too, is that of my grandfathers, Robert Schatzle and Antonio Tozzisons of immigrants, soldiers in their timewho made their livings with their hands, yet are proud that I have not. I dedicate this book to my grandparents, who gave so much to assure the privileged life I live.
Finally, I owe more than I can say to Kate Sohasky. Her love and companionship were, by far, my luckiest finds in the course of working on this book, and they sustained me through much of it. (Her role in acquainting me fully with the stimulative power of caffeine did not hurt, either.) I am endlessly blessed to be able to look forward to a lifetime and more with her.
INTRODUCTION
T HE TURBULENT YEARS BETWEEN 1789 and 1815 saw more than a half-dozen regimes rise and fall in France. Isidore Lynch, whose career as a soldier and army administrator spanned more than four decades, served nearly all of them. He first enlisted in 1770, when he became a sous-lieutenant in the Regiment of Clare. His service in the French expeditionary forces in North America a decade later, during the American Revolution, helped to secure him promotion to colonel of the Regiment of Walsh in 1784. In 1792, after the outbreak of the French revolutionary war, Lynch commanded the vanguard of the French army at the pivotal battle of Valmy, where he distinguished himself most brilliantly, leading his troops with great tranquility and guiding them firmly under fire for more than twelve hours, according to a superior officer. His subsequent suspension and imprisonment during the Reign of Terror in 1793 did not dispel his taste for service in the army, in which he reenlisted in June 1795. Reservations about fighting fellow Catholics in the Vende prompted him to retire a few months later, but he reenlisted in 1800 as an inspector in Napoleon Bonapartes army. It was not until 1815, when a Bourbon king sat once again upon the throne of France, that Lynch definitively ended his military career.
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