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Serena Cosgrove - Surviving the Americas: Garifuna Persistence from Nicaragua to New York City

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The Garifuna are a Central American, Afro-Indigenous people descended from shipwrecked West Africans and local Indigenous groups on the Caribbean island of St. Vincent. For over two centuries, the Garifuna have experienced oppression, exile, and continued diaspora that has stretched their communities to Honduras, Belize, and beyond. However, little has been written about the experiences of the Garifuna in Nicaragua, a community of about 5,000 who live primarily on the Caribbean coast of the country.
In Surviving the Americas, Serena Cosgrove, Jos Idiquez, Leonard Joseph Bent, and Andrew Gorvetzian shed light on what it means to be Garifuna today, particularly in Nicaragua. Their research includes over nine months of fieldwork in Garifuna communities in the Pearl Lagoon on the southern Caribbean coast of Nicaragua and in New York City. The resulting ethnography illustrates the unique social issues of the Nicaraguan Garifuna and how their culture, traditions, and reverence for their ancestors continues to persist.

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Surviving the Americas SURVIVING THE AMERICAS Garifuna Persistence from - photo 1
Surviving the Americas
SURVIVING
THE
AMERICAS
Garifuna Persistence
from Nicaragua to New York City
Serena Cosgrove, Jos Idiquez, Leonard Joseph Bent,
and Andrew Gorvetzian
About the University of Cincinnati Press The University of Cincinnati Press is - photo 2
About the University of Cincinnati Press
The University of Cincinnati Press is committed to publishing r igorous, peer-reviewed, leading scholarship accessibly to stimulate dialog among the academy, public intellectuals and lay practitioners. The Press endeavors to erase disciplinary boundaries in order to cast fresh light on common problems in our global community. Building on the universitys long-standing tradition of social responsibility to the citizens of Cincinnati, state of Ohio, and the world, the Press publishes books on topics that expose and resolve disparities at every level of society and have local, national and global impact.
The University of Cincinnati Press, Cincinnati 45221
Copyright 2021
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be sent to University of Cincinnati Press, Langsam Library, 2911 Woodside Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221
ucincinnatipress.uc.edu
ISBN 978-1-947602-11-3 (hardback)
ISBN 978-1-947602-12-0 (e-book, PDF)
ISBN 978-1-947602-10-6 (e-book, EPUB)
Names: Cosgrove, Serena, 1963author. | Idiquez, Jos, author. | Joseph Bent, Leonard, author. | Gorvetzian, Andrew (Andrew James), author.
Title: Surviving the Americas: Garifuna persistence from Nicaragua to New York City / Serena Cosgrove, Jos Idiquez, Leonard Joseph Bent, and Andrew Gorvetzian.
Description: Cincinnati, Ohio: The University of Cincinnati Press, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019045946 (print) | LCCN 2019045947 (ebook) | ISBN 9781947602113 (hardback) | ISBN 9781947602106 (epub) | ISBN 9781947602120 (pdf)
Subjects: LCSH: Garifuna (Caribbean people)NicaraguaSocial conditions. | Garifuna (Caribbean people)New York (State)New YorkSocial conditions.
Classification: LCC F1505.2.C3 C67 2020 (print) | LCC F1505.2.C3 (ebook) | DDC 305.896/9720747dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019045946
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019045947
Designed and produced for UC Press by Julie Rushing and Jennifer Flint
Typeset in: Adobe Text Pro and Hypatia Sans Pro
Printed in the United States of America
First Printing
Surviving the Americas Garifuna Persistence from Nicaragua to New York City - image 3
Cover image of Garifuna Dancers during Caribbean Day 2018 in NYC by mais_nyc, via Flickr, https://www.flickr.com/photos/urbanprose/27655637897/in/album-72157696976161514/. CC-BY SA 2.0.
We dedicate this book (and all royalties it may generate)
to increasing educational opportunities for the Garifuna people in Nicaragua,
whose persistence is hope for the entire world.
Seremein. Gracias. Thank you.
Table of Contents
Courtesy of the Universidad Centroamericana-Managua Entries specific - photo 4Courtesy of the Universidad Centroamericana-Managua.
Entries specific to Nicaragua are indicated in bold.
1200
Some Caribs migrate from the Guianas region of northern South America to the island of St. Vincent, integrating with the Arawaks that inhabit it.
1502
Christopher Columbuss fourth voyage reaches the coast of Honduras, and he travels south to Panam.
1500s
The Arawaks are forced to labor in mines by the Spanish, where many of them die from overwork, starvation, and disease.
1512
The king of Spain authorizes the enslavement of Caribs from St. Vincent and the Lesser Antilles. The Caribs on St. Vincent had been largely left alone due to two reasons: St. Vincent did not have precious metals to entice the Spanish, and the Caribs were far fiercer and defensive against incursions than the gentle Arawak.
1525
Spain begins its conquest of Honduras.
1600s
The northern coast of Honduras is claimed by British buccaneers.
1625
The French, under Belain dEsnambuc, arrive to St. Vincent to settle alongside the British, leading to increasing tension with the Caribs. Eventually, the Caribs attack the English settlement on the island.
1626
The French and English ally to ambush the Caribs and massacre them in retaliation.
1629
English Puritans colonize the island of Providencia, 110 miles off the coast of Nicaragua. Africans also settled the island alongside the Puritans.
1635
Two Spanish ships wreck on the coast of St. Vincent. West African slaves on the ships escape onto the island and begin to integrate with the Carib Indian population; their mixing leads to the emergence of the Garifuna or Black Caribs.
1641
The Spanish invade the Providencia colony and destroy it, capturing many English and African settlers in the process. Some of the African settlers escape to the Nicaraguan mainland and join the Miskitu who live there. Other Africans arrive to the area around this time fleeing slavery, either having escaped from shipwrecks off the coast or from other areas of the Caribbean and Central America.
1652
The first Jesuit priest, Father Andr Djan, arrives to St. Vincent from France.
1653
A second Jesuit priest, Father Pierre Aubergeon, arrives to replace Fr. Djan.
1654
Black Caribs attack and kill the two Jesuit priests and their assistant.
1660
Both France and England recognize St. Vincent as belonging to the Black Caribs.
1674
Black Caribs on St. Vincent and Dominica ally with France to attack English settlements.
1675
Another ship wrecks on the coast of St. Vincent, bringing another wave of African slaves to the island.
1700s
By the mid-eighteenth century, there are several Anglo-dominated British/African/Amerindian communities along the Caribbean coast. Some of the biggest settlements include Bluefields, Corn Island, Pearl Key Lagoon, Cabo Gracias a Dios, Black River, Bragmans Bluff, and Punta Gorda.
1723
Two British ships arrive to St. Vincent to declare the islanders natural-born subjects of Great Britain and begin the British settlement process.
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