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Yuehtsen Juliette Chung - Struggle for National Survival: Eugenics in Sino-Japanese Contexts, 1896-1945

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Book:
Struggle for National Survival: Eugenics in Sino-Japanese Contexts, 1896-1945
Author:
Yuehtsen Juliette Chung
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Psychology Press
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This dissertation is a historical investigation of the relationship between science and society through the comparative study of eugenics movements as they developed in both Japan and China from the 1890s to the 1940s.

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E AST A SIA

H ISTORY , P OLITICS , S OCIOLOGY , C ULTURE

E DITED B Y

E DWARD B EAUCHAMP

U NIVERSITY OF H AWAII

A R OUTLEDGE S ERIES

E AST A SIA

H ISTORY , P OLITICS , S OCIOLOGY , C ULTURE

E DWARD B EAUCHAMP , General Editor

M ODERN E DUCATION , T EXTBOOKS, AND THE I MAGE OF THE N ATION

Politics and Modernization and Nationalism in Korean Education: 1880-1910

Yoonmi Lee

P ROBLEMS OF D EMOCRATIZATION IN C HINA

Thomas G. Lum

T HE U NKNOWN C ULTURAL R EVOLUTION

Educational Reforms and Their Impact on Chinas Rural Development, 1966-1976

Dongping Han

M AOS P REY

The History of Chen Renbing, Liberal Intellectual

Jeanette Ford Fernandez

T HE R OOTS OF J APANS E NVIRONMENTAL P OLICIES

Amy Wong

T HE O RIGINS OF THE B ILATERAL O KINAWA P ROBLEM

Okinawa in Postwar US-japan Relations, 1945-1952

Robert D. Eldridge

South-South Transfer

A Study of Sino-African Exchanges

Sandra Gillespie

S TUDYING THE E NEMY

japan Hands in Republican China andTheir Quest for National Identity

Christiane I. Reinhold

S ELF -R ELIANCE OR S ELF -D ESTRUCTION ?

Success and Failure of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Koreas

Development Strategy of Self-Reliance juche

Phillip H. Park

T HIRD D ELIGHT

The Internationalization of HigherEducation in China

Rui Yang

S TRUGGLE FOR N ATIONAL S URVIVAL

Eugenics in Sino-japanese Contexts, 1896-1945

Yuehtsen Juliette Chung

R ETHINKING J APANS I DENTITY AND I NTERNATIONAL R OLE

An Intercultural Perspective

Susanne Klien

J APANS F OREIGN P OLICY M ATURATION

A Quest for Normalcy

Kevin J. Cooney

V ILLAGE , M ARKET and W ELL -B EING IN A R URAL C HINESE T OWNSHIP

Tamara Perkins

H ISTORY OF J APANESE P OLICIES IN E DUCATION A ID TO D EVELOPING C OUNTRIES , 1950s-1990s

The Role of the Subgovernmental Processes

Takao Kamibeppu

E NGINEERING THE S TATE

The Huai River and Reconstruction inNationalist China, 1927-1937

David A. Pietz

Published in 2002 by

Routledge

29 West 35th Street

New York, NY 10001

Published in Great Britain by

Routledge

11 New Fetter Lane

London EC4P 4EE

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Chung, Yuehtsen Juliette.

Struggle for national survival : Chinese eugenics in a transnational

context, 1896-1945 / Yuehtsen Juliette Chung.

p. cm.

Inclues bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-415-93366-8
1. EugenicsChinaHistory. 2. EugenicsJapanHistory.

I. Title.

HQ755.5.C6 C48 2002

363.920951dc21

2002017782

To the memory of

Edward Tzuu Chien

1940-1996

C ONTENTS

1.
I NTRODUCTION

2.
E UGENICS AND S CIENTIFIC D ISCIPLINES

3.
L AMARCKISM VERSUS M ENDELISM : T HE P OLITICS OF B ODY AND H EREDITY

4.
B IRTH C ONTROL OR S EX C ONTROL ?: P OLITICS OF K NOWLEDGE AND R EPRODUCTION

5.
E UGENICS IN THE S ECOND S INO -J APANESE W AR AND P OPULATION P OLICIES

6.
C ONCLUSION : W HAT C AN W E L EARN FROM E UGENICS ?

7.
E PILOGUE : T HE C OMEBACK OF E UGENICS D ISCOURSE

Guide

E VERY TIME I READ A BOOK , I ALWAYS START WITH THE A CKNOWLEDGMENTS , because I am curious about the work in its manufacturing process as well as in its finished form. Now it is my turn to recount the manufacturing course.

I am inexpressibly grateful for the opportunity and training I acquired in the Department of History, the University of Chicago. I owe a profound debt to my teachers for their generous and enthusiastic support. Prasenjit Duara opened my eyes and convinced me of the importance of the Japanese component in the understanding of modern Chinese history. Tetsuo Najita and Robert]. Richards have been a source of inspiration, and two chapters were written as a result of their stimulating questions. Leigh Van Valen from the Department of Ecology and Evolution walked with me patiently through the entire draft, and encouraged me in times when the idea of quitting seeped in.

For the research of this work, I benefited essentially from a ten-month intensive Japanese Language program fellowship from Stanford University at IUC, Yokohama, and Norma Fields support for it. Umemori Naoyuki of Waseda University and Takeshi Kimura of Yamaguchi University helped me access photocopies of entire runs of the journals Yseigaku and Ysei undo. Professors Hao Bin and Pan Naimu of Peking University assisted me in collecting materials from the University Library and the Beijing National Library. In the University of Chicago, I had John Crespi, Sarah Frederick and Katsuya Hirano share with me what they found in their own research trips to China and Japan. In addition, I had solid support from the East Asian Library and Inter-Library Loan service; special thanks go to Mr. Ma Tai-loi, Mr. Okuizumi Eizaburo, Mrs. Kuki and Ms Elaine Bao.

will publish and appear in the collected volume entitled, American Influence in Asia: Transpacific Relations in the Twentieth Century, in Spring, 2002 by Greenwood Press. I thank Greenwood for allowing me to include this chapter, and Richard Jensen, Jon Davidann and Yone Sugita for their editorial comments.

I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to my colleagues in the History Department at Hofstra for giving me more support than I perhaps deserved. I am very grateful to Farideh Kamali of Routledge and Edward Beauchamp for their confidence. Shelley Stephenson helped me with editorial comments, John Shea with production, and Alex Smiros with indexing in the preparation of manuscript. I thank them for their expertise and patience.

Without the moral support and friendship of Zhang Zhen, Magnus Fiskesj, James St. Andr, Li Meng, Haiyan Lee, Chisato Hotta, Yasuko Sato, Bellette Lee, Sung Chia-Fu, Li Cho-ying, Rebecca Lien Chang, Wu Chyuanyuan, Chang Yue-chin, Fu Dawie, Chen Kuan-Hsing, this work would not have been completed in such a swift pace. My family in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, and my husband Chien Chih-Yung are my anchorage from the unrest of the outside world. To them my deepest thanks for their faith in me.

This book is dedicated to the memory of Edward T. Chien, my mentor and dear friend, who was a loving teacher and inspired my academic pursuit with his encouragement.

S TRUGGLE FOR N ATIONAL S URVIVAL

1
I NTRODUCTION

T HE COINAGE OF EUGENICS IN 1883 BY F RANCIS G ALTON, THE COUSIN OF Charles Darwin, and the subsequent rise of the eugenics movement in the West, not only coincided with the preexisting intellectual milieu of Social Darwinism, but also corresponded to the greater discursive practice of Civilization that had existed since the middle of the nineteenth century. Together with Social Darwinism, the authority of Civilization, based upon Enlightenment and Christian values, determined that certain races, nations, ethnicities and classes were more civilized than others, and hence justified their domination over the lesser ones.

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