Mark Selden - The Transition to Socialism in China (Routledge Revivals)

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Routledge Revivals

The Transition to Socialism in China

First published in 1982. The dramatic changes in policy and theory following the death of Chairman Mao in 1976 and the publication of the most extensive official and unofficial data on the Chinese economy and society in twenty years both necessitated and made possible a thorough reconsideration of the full range of issues pertaining to the political and economic trajectory of the People's Republic in its first three decades. The contributors to this volume initiated a comprehensive effort to address fundamental problems of China's socialist development and to reassess earlier perspectives and conclusions.

The Transition to Socialism in
China

Edited by
Mark Selden and Victor Lippit

First published in 1982
by M.E. Sharpe, Inc.

This edition first published in 2016 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

1982 M.E. Sharpe, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Publishers Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact.

A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 825503

ISBN 13: 978-1-138-64577-6 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-1-315-62791-5 (ebk)

Mark Selden and Victor Lippit, editors

The Transition to Socialism in China

CONTRIBUTORS:
MARK SELDEN
VICTOR LIPPIT
WILLIAM HINTON
EDWARD FRIEDMAN
ANDREW WALDER
KOJIMA REIITSU
TANG TSOU
MARC BLECHER
MITCH MEISNER
CARL RISKIN

Copyright 1982 by M. E. Sharpe, Inc.
80 Business Park Drive, Armonk, New York 10504

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Main entry under title:

The Transition to socialism in China.

Includes bibliographical references.
Contents: Cooperation and conflict: cooperative and collective
formation in China's countryside/Mark SeldenVillage in transition/William
HintonThe transition to socialism in China/Victor Lippit[etc.]
1. ChinaEconomic conditions1976- Addresses, essays,
lectures. 2. ChinaSocial conditions1976- Addresses, essays,
lectures. I. Selden, Mark. II. Lippit, Victor D.
HC427.92.T7 338.951'05 82-5503
ISBN 0-87332-212-6 AACR2
ISBN 0-87332-216-9 (pbk.)

Printed in the United States of America

FOR AKIRA, LILI, SEIJI, KEN, YUKIO,
YUMI, TAMIKO, AND TAKURO

Contents

Mark Selden and Victor Lippit

Mark Selden Cooperation and Conflict: Cooperative and Collective Formation in China's Countryside

William Hinton

Victor Lippit

Edward Friedman Maoism, Titoism, Stalinism: Some Origins and Consequences of the Maoist Theory of the Socialist Transition

Andrew Walder

Kojima Reiitsu Accumulation, Technology, and China's Economic Development

Tang Tsou, Marc Blecher, and Mitch Meisner National Agricultural Policy: The Dazhai Model and Local Change in the Post-Mao Era

Carl Riskin

Acknowledgments

This volume originated in a conference on the transition to socialism in China held in Washington, D.C., in March 1980. To the papers drafted for that conference and presented at the 1980 annual meeting of the Association for Asian Studies, we have been fortunate to add contributions from Carl Riskin and Andrew Walder, and a joint study by Tang Tsou, March Blecher, and Mitch Meisner. In addition to learning from the contributors to this volume, our understanding of the issues of the transition has been deepened by the insights of the other participants in the conference, Phyllis and Steve Andors. We would like to express our appreciation to the American Sociological Association, whose "Conversation in the Disciplines" grant facilitated the conference, and to the Committee on Research, University of California, Riverside, for additional financial support toward the preparation of this volume.

M. S. and V. L.

The Transition to Socialism in China

Mark Selden and Victor Lippit

Mao Zedong's death in September 1976 shattered the uneasy surface accommodation which masked the struggle among competing factions in the Chinese Communist Party leadership. Within days of Mao's funeral, Jiang Qing (Mao's wife) and other leading proponents of the Cultural Revolution were thwarted in their bid to control state power. The victors within the Chinese leadership embarked on a wide-ranging reassessment of major issues pertaining to the theory and practice of revolutionary change and development. In the course of the next few years this produced a reversal of virtually every major verdict of the Cultural Revolution era, including the assessment of Mao's own revolutionary contribution.

The dramatic changes in policy and theory in the post-Mao era, accompanied by the publication of the most extensive official and unofficial data on the Chinese economy and society to be released in more than twenty years, make possible, indeed imperative, a thorough reconsideration of the full range of issues pertaining to the political and economic trajectory of the People's Republic in its first three decades. Like all data released since the sixties, these have of course been preselected to highlight the failures of politically discredited foes charged with responsibility for former policy errors and therefore must be used with caution. It is nevertheless the case that we now possess the richest sources of information available to researchers since the 1950s. The contributors to this volume have initiated a comprehensive effort to address fundamental problems of China's socialist development and to reassess earlier perspectives and conclusions.

The Historical Setting: China at Liberation

Speaking from the rostrum at Beijing's Tiananmen Square at the founding of the People's Republic on October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong proclaimed that "the Chinese people have stood up." Indeed they had, and we can be sure that Mao had in mind the following accomplishments, among others:

Communist-led defeat of Japanese imperialism in China in one of the first successful people's wars. China's victory provided the sounding gun in the wave of anticolonial movements which spread throughout Asia and Africa after World War II.

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