J.A. Fyfield - Re-Educating Chinese Anti-Communists

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ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: CHINA UNDER MAO

Volume 11

RE-EDUCATING CHINESE ANTI-COMMUNISTS

RE-EDUCATING CHINESE ANTI-COMMUNISTS

J.A. FYFIELD

First published in 1982 by Croom Helm Ltd

This edition first published in 2019
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

1982 J.A. Fyfield

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-138-32344-5 (Set)
ISBN: 978-0-429-43659-8 (Set) (ebk)
ISBN: 978-1-138-34108-1 (Volume 11) (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-44036-6 (Volume 11) (ebk)

Publishers Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

RE-EDUCATING CHINESE ANTI-COMMUNISTS

J.A. FYFIELD

1982 J.A. Fyfield
Croom Helm Ltd, 2-10 St Johns Road, London SW11

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Fyfield, J.A.

Re-educating Chinese anti-communists.
1. Political socialization China
I. Title
365.66 HV9817

ISBN 0-7099-1017-7

All rights reserved. For information write:
St. Martins Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010
First published in the United States of America in 1982

Library of Congress Card Catalog Number 81-84061

ISBN 0-312-66733-7

Jacket illustration shows a political
re-education class in 1975. Courtesy
of the Anglo-Chinese Educational
Institute Ltd.

Printed and bound in Great Britain by
Biddles Ltd, Guildford and Kings Lynn

CONTENTS

To describe China is difficult, to interpret her a hazardous undertaking. The vocabulary that we are accustomed to use within our familiar conventions and in relation to countries like ours serves us poorly in writing about events, practices and policies in the Peoples Republic.

To apply the same terms to a world that is unique in every respect in its mentality, its traditional structures, its standard of living, and its chief problems is to create a source of perpetual confusion. Ordinary words like liberty, family, and state evoke entirely different ideas, attitudes, and duties in a Western and a Chinese. In the same way, the basic national purposes are totally dissimilar. If the Western goal is to raise our standard of living, for the Chinese, it is one of survival; this can change everything, even political morality.

(Guillermaz, 1976: xx)

Guillermaz wrote this in 1972. Although Chinas declared national purpose is by now more comparable with that of advanced Western nations, his caution remains valid, especially as the events forming the substance of this book predate the modernization campaign launched in the late 1970s.

My first purpose in writing what follows has been to record the experiences, as told at first hand, of several men who, in the years before 1949, occupied military or government positions of influence, but for whom history must witness that, for all their influence, they failed in the struggle for power against the revolutionaries. For that failure, they spent long years in prison, finally, in most cases, to accept and to be accepted into a new role in the new society presided over by their former captors.

It has not been easy to set this account down without appearing to be an advocate for the system that permitted it, but my hope is that it has been accomplished with sufficient fairness for readers to make their own judgements uninfluenced by my own, if that is what they wish. Where I have gone further and attempted not only to present the point of view of the Communist leadership but also to explain and analyze it, this has been not with any intention to take sides but to assist in crossing the cultural boundary that might separate us from true understanding.

J.A. Fyfield

Encouragement from my colleagues of the Melbourne China Studies Group, notably Ronald Price, persuaded me to attempt this record.

Elaine Scott prepared the typescript with patience and care.

Claude Sironi assisted with the graphics.

The original project providing the material for the book was jointly planned and carried out with J.P. Hu and Myra Roper. The inspiration for it was Jerome Hus alone and without that inspiration and his continued assistance this book could not have been written. He acted as interpreter at the interviews, gave advice on early drafts of chapters, helped in the translation of newspaper articles and supplied the Chinese characters for the glossary.

For the help of these people and the willingness of the publishers I am very grateful, although I do not wish to imply that the short-comings are other than mine alone.

To reform an emperor into a self-supporting worker,

to reform war criminals into new people,

to change special agents and bandits from destroyers to constructors,

to reform professional burglars into new people who are willing to return money they have found, and

to transform the negative factors left over from the old society into positive factors for building socialism

are important achievements of great significance

(From an address by Xie Juezai, President of the Supreme Peoples Court, to the National Peoples Congress in April 1960 (NCNA, 9 April 1960; trans. in

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