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Carolle J. Carter - Mission to Yenan: American Liaison with the Chinese Communists, 1944-1947

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Conventional wisdom informs us that only Nixon could go to China. In fact, in 1944, nearly thirty years before his historic trip, the American military established the first liaison and intelligence-gathering mission with the Chinese Communists in Yenan. Commonly referred to as the Dixie Mission, the detached military unit sent to Yenan was responsible for transmitting weather information, assisting the Communists in their rescue of downed American flyers, and laying the groundwork for an eventual rapprochement between the Communists and Nationalists, the two sides struggling in the ongoing Chinese Civil War. Following extensive use of archival sources and numerous interviews with the men who traveled and served in Yenan, Carolle Carter argues that while Dixie fulfilled its assignment, the members steered the mission in different directions from its original, albeit loosely described, intent. As the months and years passed, the Dixie Mission increasingly emphasized intelligence gathering over evaluating their Communist hosts contribution to the war effort against Japan. Some American politicians in the 1950s portrayed the participants in the Dixie Mission as too sympathetic to the Chinese Communists. But during the 1970s many looked back at these individuals as wise but ignored oracles who could have prevented the loss of China. Carter strips away these simplistic portrayals to reveal a diverse and dedicated collection of soldiers, diplomats, and technicians who had ongoing contact with the Chinese Communists longer than any other group during World War II, but who were destined to be a largely unused resource during the Cold War.

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title Mission to Yenan American Liaison With the Chinese Communists - photo 1

title:Mission to Yenan : American Liaison With the Chinese Communists, 1944-1947
author:Carter, Carolle J.
publisher:University Press of Kentucky
isbn10 | asin:
print isbn13:9780813120157
ebook isbn13:9780813170534
language:English
subjectUnited States--Foreign relations--China, China--Foreign relations--United States, United States--Foreign relations--1933-1945, United States--Foreign relations--1945-1953, Government missions, American--China--Yen-an shih--History--20th century.
publication date:1997
lcc:E183.8.C6C37 1997eb
ddc:327.73051/09/044
subject:United States--Foreign relations--China, China--Foreign relations--United States, United States--Foreign relations--1933-1945, United States--Foreign relations--1945-1953, Government missions, American--China--Yen-an shih--History--20th century.
Page ii
Page iii Mission to Yenan American Liaison with the Chinese Communists - photo 2
Page iii
Mission to Yenan
American Liaison with the Chinese Communists 19441947
Carolle J. Carter
Page iv Publication of this volume was made possible in part by a grant - photo 3
Page iv
Publication of this volume was made possible in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities.
Copyright 1997 by Carolle J. Carter
Published by The University Press of Kentucky
Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine College, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Club Historical Society, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University.
All right reserved
Editorial and Sales Offices: The University Press of Kentucky
663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 405084008
97 98 99 00 01 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Carter, Carolle J., 1934
Mission to Yenan : American liaison with the Chinese communists,
19441947 / Carolle J. Carter
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical referendes (p. ) and index.
ISBN 0-8131-2015-2 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. United StatesForeign relationsChina. 2. ChinaForeign
relationsUnited States. 3. United StatesForeign relations1933
1945. 4. United StatesForeign relations19451953. 5. Government
missions, AmericanChinaYenan shihHistory20th Century.
I. Title
E183.8.C6C37 1997
327.73051'09'044dc21
96-53110
This book is printed on acid-free recycled paper meeting the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials.
Picture 4
Manufactured in the United States of America
Page v
To Jess
for his patient encouragement
and good-natured support
Page vii
Contents
Foreword
ix
Acknowledgments
xi
Introduction
1
1. The Origins of the Dixie Mission
16
2. Life in Yenan
36
3. The Observer Group in Operation
63
4. Communications
89
5. Diplomacy, Differences, and Patrick J. Hurley
106
6. The Communist Attempt to Bypass Hurley
134
7. Intelligence Gathering in Yenan
153
8. The Marshall Mission and the End of Dixie
177
9. The Dixie Mission in Retrospect
199
Appendix. Pinyin to Wade-Giles
227
Notes
233
Bibliography
257
Index
267

Page ix
Foreword
Since the 1940s, the Dixie Mission has been ignored at some times and engulfed in controversy at others. During the 1950s, American politicians eager to exploit the loss of China as a campaign issue persistently argued that the Mission and its participants had been the dupesor worseof the Chinese Communists. However absurd, these charges proved professionally fatal for many of the career diplomats affiliated with Dixie. During the 1970s and 1980sthe time of President Richard Nixon's "opening to China"a new generation of scholars rediscovered the Dixie Mission. Many of them came to regard it as a tragic lost chance in China. Reading the optimistic reports sent by the Mission's military and diplomatic observers in 19441945, we can readily see why.
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