STUDIES IN FORCED MIGRATION
General Editors: Stephen Castles and Dawn Chatty
Volume 1
A Tamil Asylum Diaspora
Christopher McDowell
Volume 2
Understanding Impoverishment
Edited by Christopher McDowell
Volume 3
Losing Place
Johnathan B. Bascom
Volume 4
The End of the Refugee Cycle?
Edited by Richard Black and Khalid
Koser
Volume 5
Engendering Forced Migration
Edited by Doreen Indra
Volume 6
Refugee Policy in Sudan, 19671984
Ahmed Karadawi
Volume 7
Psychosocial Wellness of Refugees
Edited by Frederick L. Ahearn, Jr.
Volume 8
Fear in Bongoland
Marc Sommers
Volume 9
Whatever Happened to Asylum in
Britain?
Louise Pirouet
Volume 10
Conservation and Mobile Indigenous
Peoples
Edited by Dawn Chatty and Marcus
Colchester
Volume 11
Tibetans in Nepal
Anne Frechette
Volume 12
Crossing the Aegean
Edited by Rene Hirschon
Volume 13
Refugees and the Transformation of
Societies
Edited by Philomena Essed, Georg
Frerks and Joke Schrijvers
Volume 14
Children and Youth on the Front Line
Edited by Jo Boyden and Joanna de
Berry
Volume 16
Children of Palestine
Edited by Dawn Chatty and Gillian
Lewando Hundt
Volume 17
Rights in Exile
Edited by Guglielmo Verdirame and
Barbara Harrell-Bond with Zachary
Lomo and Hannah Garry
Volume 18
Development-Induced Displacement
Edited by Chris de Wet
Volume 19
Transnational Nomads
Cindy Horst
First published in 2004 by
Berghahn Books
www.berghahnbooks.com
First paperback edition published in 2005
Reprinted in 2006
2004 Philomena Essed, Georg Frerks and Joke Schrijvers
First ebook edition published in 2012
All rights reserved.
Except for the quotation of short passages
for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this book
may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information
storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented,
without the written permission of the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Refugees and the transformation of societies : agency, policies, ethics, and
politics / [edited by] Philomena Essed, Georg Frerks, Joke Schrijvers.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-1-57181-866-9 (alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-84545-033-5 (pb: alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-85745-708-0 (ebk.)
1. RefugeesGovernment policy. 2. Forced migrationMoral and
ethical aspects. 3. Social conflict. 4. Humanitarian assistance. 5. Refugee
camps. 6. Return migration. 7. Repatriation. I. Essed, Philomena, 1955.
II. Frerks, Georg, 1961 III. Schrijvers, Joke.
HV640.R4185 2004
362.87dc22
2003063588
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library.
ISBN 978-1-57181-866-9 hardback
ISBN 978-1-84545-033-5 paperback
ISBN 978-0-85745-708-0 ebook
Acknowledgements
The original idea of producing this volume goes back to 1999, when we organised the conference Loss and Recovery: Refugees and the Transformation of Societies (2426 April, 1999, The Netherlands). The initiative for the conference and the way it got shaped up emerged from the Interdisciplinary Network for Researchers in the Netherlands Working on Refugee Issues. Ellen Lammers, Brigitte Lammers and Maria Brons were excellent organisers in bringing together these researchers for regular network meetings. The conference Loss and Recovery was a most stimulating event. It helped sharpen our focus as editors, as we found that many of the papers challenged established notions and discourses on refugees and refugeehood. We would like to thank Maria Brons, Antje Falkenberg, Cindy Horst, Brigitte Lammers and Ellen Lammers for co-organising the conference with us in such an efficient and very pleasant manner.
We made a selection from the papers and were happy to find that the authors were willing to make comprehensive revisions and updates.
The joint strengths of the members of the editorial team have made producing this volume a great adventure. Friendships have deepened over the tedious work that goes along with editing, overloaded agendas, meetings squeezed in between international travels, and at times difficult decisions about the direction of the volume. Maria Brons was with us in formulating a first draft for the outline of this volume and coparticipated in the first round of editing. We are grateful for her valuable contributions.
The Amsterdam Research Institute for Global Issues and Development Studies at the University of Amsterdam (the institutional home of Joke Schrijvers and Philomena Essed) and the section of Disaster Studies of Wageningen University, Georg Frerks' workplace, have generously provided us with the opportunity and space for editing this volume.
We have benefited greatly from the comments and suggestions of two anonymous reviewers for Berghahn Books, as a result of which we have been able to qualify our approach and arguments more consistently and explicitly.
We wish to express thanks to Jeroen de Zeeuw and Ellen Buijn who took care of word processing and organising the manuscript. Without their assistance and critical eyes, it would have been impossible to get the book ready in time. We also thank Peter Schregardus for producing the index and proof reading the text.
Last but not least and much to our delight, Berghahn kindly consulted us about the book cover. We are especially indebted to Eegje Schoo for generously making available to us her marvellous collection of Indian art work, and to Rekha Rodwittiya for allowing us to use one of her paintings titled, The Reprieve. It speaks to the paradoxes this volume is about: vulnerability and strength, misery and hope, death and survival, continuity and transformation.
Philomena Essed
Georg Frerks
Joke Schrijvers
List of Abbreviations
AEF | African Educational Foundation |
AIDS | Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome |
CNDD | Conseil National pour la Dfense de la Dmocratie |
ELN | Ejrcito de Liberacin Nacional |
EPL | Ejrcito Popular de Liberacin |
FARC | Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia |
IDP | Internally Displaced Person |
INTA | National Institute of Agrarian Transformation |
LTTE | Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam |
LWF | Lutheran World Federation |
MP | Member of Parliament |
MPLA | Movimento Popular de Libertao de Angola |
NGO | Non-Governmental Organisation |
NRC | National Registration Card |
OECD | Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development |
Palipehutu | Parti pour la Libration du Peuple Hutu |
QIP | Quick Impact Project |
RIC | Refugee Identity Card |