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George William Van Cleve - We Have Not a Government: The Articles of Confederation and the Road to the Constitution

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George William Van Cleve We Have Not a Government: The Articles of Confederation and the Road to the Constitution
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We Have Not a Government: The Articles of Confederation and the Road to the Constitution: summary, description and annotation

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In 1783, as the Revolutionary War came to a close, Alexander Hamilton resigned in disgust from the Continental Congress after it refused to consider a fundamental reform of the Articles of Confederation. Just four years later, that same government collapsed, and Congress grudgingly agreed to support the 1787 Philadelphia Constitutional Convention, which altered the Articles beyond recognition. What occurred during this remarkably brief interval to cause the Confederation to lose public confidence and inspire Americans to replace it with a dramatically more flexible and powerful government? We Have Not a Government is the story of this contentious moment in American history.
In George William Van Cleves book, we encounter a sharply divided America. The Confederation faced massive war debts with virtually no authority to compel its members to pay them. It experienced punishing trade restrictions and strong resistance to American territorial expansion from powerful European governments. Bitter sectional divisions that deadlocked the Continental Congress arose from exploding western settlement. And a deep, long-lasting recession led to sharp controversies and social unrest across the country amid roiling debates over greatly increased taxes, debt relief, and paper money. Van Cleve shows how these remarkable stresses transformed the Confederation into a stalemate government and eventually led previously conflicting states, sections, and interest groups to advocate for a union powerful enough to govern a continental empire.
Touching on the stories of a wide-ranging cast of charactersincluding John Adams, Patrick Henry, Daniel Shays, George Washington, and ThayendanegeaVan Cleve makes clear that it was the Confederations failures that created a political crisis and led to the 1787 Constitution. Clearly argued and superbly written, We Have Not a Government is a must-read history of this crucial period in our nations early life.

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We Have Not a Government We Have Not a Government THE ARTICLES OF - photo 1

We Have Not a Government
We Have Not a Government
THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION AND THE ROAD TO THE CONSTITUTION

George William Van Cleve

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS

Chicago and London

George William Van Cleve is research professor in law and history at Seattle University School of Law. He received his PhD from University of Virginia and his JD from Harvard Law School.

The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637

The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London

2017 by The University of Chicago

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission, except in the case of brief quotations in critical articles and reviews. For more information, contact the University of Chicago Press, 1427 E. 60th St., Chicago, IL 60637.

Published 2017

Printed in the United States of America

26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 1 2 3 4 5

ISBN-13: 978-0-226-48050-3 (cloth)

ISBN-13: 978-0-226-48064-0 (e-book)

DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226480640.001.0001

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING - IN - PUBLICATION DATA

Names: Van Cleve, George, 1952 author.

Title: We have not a government: the Articles of Confederation and the road to the Constitution / George William van Cleve.

Description: Chicago; London: The University of Chicago Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2017015706 | ISBN 9780226480503 (cloth: alk. paper) | ISBN 9780226480640 (e-book)

Subjects: LCSH: United States. Articles of Confederation. | Constitutional HistoryUnited States18th century. | United StatesPolitics and government17751783. | United StatesPolitics and government17831789. | United StatesHistory17831815.

Classification: LCC KF4508 .V353 2017 E302.1 | DDC 342.7302dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017015706

Picture 2 This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).

In memoriam Foster Osgood Chanock, beloved friend

For my wife and children and our fellow citizens, now and in the years to come

Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.

George Santayana, The Life of Reason

CONTENTS
CONFEDERATION OFFICIALS

John Adams (17351826). Born Braintree, Massachusetts. Attorney. Negotiator, Paris Treaty of Peace, 178283. Ambassador to England, 178588. Husband of Abigail Smith Adams.

Josiah Harmar (17531813). Born Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Revolutionary War soldier. Army commander on Ohio frontier, 178391.

John Jay (17451829). Born New York, New York. Attorney. Negotiator, Paris Treaty of Peace, 178283. Secretary of Foreign Affairs, 178489.

Thomas Jefferson (17431826). Born Albemarle County, Virginia. Slave-plantation owner, attorney, and author. Congressman, 178384. Minister (trade), 1784. Minister to France, 178589.

Henry Knox (17501806). Born Boston, Massachusetts. Bookseller. Army major general, Revolutionary War. Secretary of War, 178594.

Arthur Lee (17401792). Born Stratford Hall, Virginia. Doctor and attorney. Revolutionary War diplomat. Member of Virginia House of Delegates, 178183, 1785, 1786. Congressman, 178284. Indian commissioner, Treaties of Fort Stanwix and Fort Mcintosh. Member, Board of Treasury, 178589. Brother of Richard Henry Lee.

Benjamin Lincoln (17331810). Born Hingham, Massachusetts. Army major general, Revolutionary War. Secretary at War, 178183. Led Massachusetts troops against Shayss Rebellion, 178687.

Robert R. Livingston (17461813). Born Clermont, Columbia County, New York. Attorney and major landowner. Secretary of Foreign Affairs, 178183.

Robert Morris (17341806). Born Liverpool, England. Philadelphia international merchant. Superintendent of Finance, 178184. Member of Pennsylvania Assembly, 178587. Annapolis Convention delegate, 1786. Philadelphia Convention delegate, 1787.

CONGRESSMEN

Elbridge Gerry (17441814). Born Marblehead, Massachusetts. International merchant. Congressman, 178385. Member of Massachusetts House of Representatives, 178687. Philadelphia Convention delegate, 1787.

William Grayson (1736?90). Born Prince William County, Virginia. Attorney. Member of Virginia House of Delegates, 178485. Congressman, 178587.

David Howell (17471824). Born Morristown, New Jersey. College professor, mathematics and natural philosophy. Congressman for Rhode Island, 178285.

Rufus King (17551827). Born Scarborough, Maine (then part of Massachusetts). Attorney. Member of Massachusetts legislature, 178385. Congressman, 178487. Philadelphia Convention delegate, 1787.

Henry (Light-Horse Harry) Lee, Jr. (III?) (17561818). Born Prince William County, Virginia. Revolutionary War officer. Congressman, 178688.

James Madison (17511836). Born King George County, Virginia. Heir to slave plantation. Career politician and political theorist. Congressman, 178083, 1787. Member of Virginia Assembly, 178486. Annapolis Convention delegate, 1786. Philadelphia Convention delegate, 1787.

James Monroe (17581831). Born Westmoreland County, Virginia. Attorney. Member of Virginia Assembly, 1782, 1786. Congressman, 178386.

STATE LEADERS/INFLUENTIAL CITIZENS

Abigail Smith Adams (17441818). Born Weymouth, Massachusetts. Managed family farm and investments in Braintree, 177685. With husband, John Adams, in Paris and London, 178588.

Samuel Adams (17221803). Born Boston, Massachusetts. Revolutionary statesman. Member of Massachusetts Senate and Governors Council during the 1780s.

George Clinton (17391812). Born Ulster County, New York. Revolutionary soldier and statesman. Served seven terms as governor of New York, including 178389.

Tristram Dalton (17381817). Born Newburyport, Massachusetts. Merchant. Member of Massachusetts House of Representatives, 178285. Member of Massachusetts Senate, 178588.

Nathaniel Gorham (173896). Born Charlestown, Massachusetts. Merchant. Congressman, 178283, 178587. Member of Massachusetts legislature, 178187. Active in suppression of Shayss Rebellion. Philadelphia Convention delegate, 1787.

Alexander Hamilton (1755?1804). Born Charlestown, Nevis, West Indies. Revolutionary War officer; staff aide to General Washington. Congressman, 178283. Annapolis Convention delegate, 1786. Member of New York legislature, 1787. Philadelphia Convention delegate, 1787.

Patrick Henry (173699). Born Hanover County, Virginia. Attorney. Member of Virginia legislature, 178284, 178788. Five-term governor of Virginia, including 178586.

Stephen Higginson (17431828). Born Salem, Massachusetts. International merchant. Congressman, 1783. Served as lieutenant colonel in forces opposing Shayss Rebellion, 178687.

Richard Henry Lee (173294). Born Stratford Hall, Virginia. Slave-plantation owner, career politician. Congressman, 178485, 1787. Member of Virginia legislature, 1785.

Daniel Shays (ca. 17471825). Born Hopkinton, Massachusetts. Revolutionary War soldier and officer. Farmer. A main leader of the 1786 insurgency against Massachusetts government.

George Washington (173299). Born Westmoreland County, Virginia. Slave-plantation owner, land and canal investor. Revolutionary War army commander in chief, 177583. President, Philadelphia Convention, 1787.

FOREIGN AND NATIVE AMERICAN DIPLOMATS AND LEADERS

Joseph Brant (Thayendanegea) (17431807). Born Ohio Country. Mohawk military and political leader. Revolutionary War officer (British ally). Slave-farm owner. Among the principal leaders of postwar Native American tribes Western Confederacy.

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