Michael Roper - Manful Assertions: Masculinities in Britain Since 1800

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MANFUL ASSERTIONS

Manful assertions - whether of verbal command, political power or physical violence - have formed the traditional subject matter of history. Yet few historians have thought to question the nature of masculinity itself.

Manful Assertions brings together current discussions in sexual politics with historical analysis to demonstrate that, far from being natural and monolithic, masculinity is a historical and cultural construct, with varied, competing and, above all, changing forms. Writing from a perspective in social history, the contributors draw on literature, cultural studies and sociology to explore the history and representations of masculinity from 1800 to the 1980s. Models of manliness discussed range from Thomas Carlyle and the nineteenth-century Man of Letters to Lawrence of Arabia and Imperial Man, and from the heroes of boys stories in the inter-war years to the post-war Company Man.

Making men visible as gendered subjects within the accepted historical categories of family, business and labour, class and nation, Manful Assertions shows how - in the past as in the contemporary world - masculinities need to be understood as subjective identity, as social power and as cultural representation.

MANFUL ASSERTIONS Masculinities in Britain since 1800

Edited by
Michael Roper and John Tosh

First published 1991 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OXl 4 4RN
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

First published 1991

by Routledge

by Collection as a whole 1991 Routledge; individual chapters 1991 respective contributor

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Collection as a whole 1991 Routledge; individual chapters 1991 respective contributor

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Typeset in 10/12pt Bembo by
Witwell Ltd, Southport

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Manful assertions: masculinities in Britain since 1800.
1. Masculinity I. Roper, Michael II. Tosh, John 305.31

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Manful assertions: masculinities in Britain since 1800/
edited by Michael Roper and John Tosh.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. MenGreat BritainHistory. 2. Masculinity (Psychology)Great Britain
History. I. Roper, Michael. II. Tosh, John.
HQ1090.7.G7M35 1991
305.31 0941dc20 90-49417
ISBN 0 415 05322 6
ISBN 0 415 05323 4pbk

ISBN 13: 978-0-415-05323-5 (pbk)

DOI: 10.4324/9781003209164

CONTENTS

• Preface
• List of illustrations
• Notes on contributors

1. INTRODUCTION
   Historians and the politics of masculinity
   Michael Roper and John Tosh
2. STRENUOUS IDLENESS
   Thomas Carlyle and the man of letters as hero
   Norma Clarke
3. DOMESTICITY AND MANLINESS IN THE VICTORIAN MIDDLE CLASS
   The family of Edward W hite Benson
   John Tosh
4. MASCULINITY AND THE REPRESENTATIVE ARTISAN IN BRITAIN, 185080
   Keith McClelland
5. I LIVE BUT NOT YET I FOR CHRIST LIVETH IN ME
   Men and masculinity in the Salvation Army, 186590
   Pamela J. Walker
6. THE BLOND BEDOUIN
   Lawrence of Arabia, imperial adventure and the imagining of English-British masculinity
   Graham Dawson
7. KNOWING YOUR PLACE
   The tensions of manliness in boys story papers, 191839
   Kelly Boyd
8. MUMMY, MATRON AND THE MAIDS
   Feminine presence and absence in male institutions, 193463
   Peter M. Lewis
9. YESTERDAYS MODEL
   Product fetishism and the British company man, 194585
   Michael Roper

• Select Bibliography
• Index

PREFACE

This book brings together writers from several disciplines in pursuit of a common end. The history of masculinity in Britain is here approached from the vantage points of social history, sociology, literature and cultural studies. Our methods range from the analysis of texts to autobiography and oral history. But the book is more than a chance assembly of independent perspectives. All the contributors have been members of an informal study group on the history of masculinity which has been meeting monthly in north London since November 1988. In that time we have learned to see our subject as more than the property of any one discipline and to recognize its central importance to an effective politics of gender today.

The study group included others whose work is not represented here but who have greatly assisted this project: we particularly thank Lucy Bland, Joy Dixon, Catherine Hall, David Kuchta, Jonathan Rutherford and Dan Weinbren. We are also most grateful to Leonore Davidoff and Lyndal Roper for their comments and encouragement. Several of the contributions to this book began life as papers presented to History Workshop, and we would like to acknowledge the constructive criticism we received in this forum. Our hope is that the book will serve as a stimulus for further work on the history of masculinity both in History Workshop and elsewhere.

Michael Roper
John Tosh

ILLUSTRATIONS

1. Thomas Carlyle by Samuel Lawrence, 1838
2. Edward Irving, c. 1830
3. Edward White Benson, 1867
4. Mary Benson, 1860
5. Mary Benson, with her three surviving sons c. 1884
6. Cartoon of William Booth, 1892
7. T. E. Lawrence, photograph by Harry Chase
8. Title page of the first instalment of Lowell Thomass account of T. E. Lawrence
9. Wives v. Men Cricket Match, Wellington College, 3 August 1944.

NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Kelly Boyd is currently completing her Ph.D. at Rutgers University on manliness in English boys story papers betwen 1855 and 1940. She lives in London, but is a native of Tennessee.

Norma Clarke is the author of Ambitious Heights, Writing, Friendship, Love: The Jewsbury Sisters, Felicia Hemans and Jane Carlyle (Routledge, 1990). She is currently working on aspects of gender and literary culture in early nineteenth-century England. Her first novel for children is published by Faber & Faber this year.

Graham Dawson was a member of the Popular Memory Group at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies in Birmingham from 1979 to 1985. He now teaches media and cultural studies at Brighton Polytechnic, and is completing research on war adventure narratives, masculinity and white English/British identity.

Peter M. Lewis is a freelance broadcaster, the author of several books on the media, and a lecturer in communication studies. While at Goldsmiths College in the 1980s he was a member of the Gender Studies Workshop and the Masculinity Research Group. He is now a Visiting Fellow at City University.

Keith McClelland teaches part-time at the University of Reading and the Open University. He has published a number of articles on aspects of the nineteenth-century British working class and is on the editorial collective of

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