Bent Greve - Multidimensional Inequalities

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Bent Greve

Multidimensional Inequalities

De Gruyter Contemporary Social Sciences

Volume

Bent Greve

Multidimensional Inequalities

International Perspectives Across Welfare States

ISBN 9783110714203

e-ISBN (PDF) 9783110714302

e-ISBN (EPUB) 9783110714371

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.

2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

bersicht

Contents

1. Preface
2. List of the tables and figures
3. Why a book on inequality?
   1. 1.1 Introduction
   2. 1.2 Inequality a multifaceted problem
   3. 1.3 Examples of causes for the rising inequalities
   4. 1.4 Overview of the book
   5. 1.5 Some limitations
   6. 1.6 A few concluding remarks
4. Theoretical understanding and measurement of equality and inequality
   1. 2.1 Introduction
   2. 2.2 Key concepts with regard to justice and inequality
   3. 2.3 What to include when assessing inequality?
   4. 2.4 Types of inequality
   5. 2.5 How to measure inequality empirically?
   6. 2.6 Trickle-down economy is this the way forward?
   7. 2.7 Concluding remarks
5. Equalities in opportunities: Sens perspective on justice, equality, and inequality
   1. 3.1 Introduction
   2. 3.2 The capability concept
   3. 3.3 Justice and inequality
   4. 3.4 Ex ante and ex post
   5. 3.5 Conclusion
6. Economic inequality
   1. 4.1 Introduction
   2. 4.2 The development in inequality
   3. 4.3 A comparative analysis of inequality
   4. 4.4 Income for the highest earners
   5. 4.5 Some conclusions
7. Gender inequality
   1. 5.1 Introduction
   2. 5.2 Income inequality between men and women
   3. 5.3 Inequality within health-care: an example
   4. 5.4 Indexes of inequality between men and women
   5. 5.5 Conclusion
8. Inequality in health and health care
   1. 6.1 Introduction
   2. 6.2 Overall differences in health inequality
   3. 6.3 Is access to health care and the quality of treatment equal?
   4. 6.4 Do we know why there are differences?
   5. 6.5 Conclusion
9. Inequality in educational attainment
   1. 7.1 Introduction
   2. 7.2 Educational attainment: The variations
   3. 7.3 Causes of inequalities in education
   4. 7.4 Conclusion
10. Inequalities in the labour market
    1. 8.1 Introduction
    2. 8.2 Inequalities in relation to employment
    3. 8.3 Unemployment: Who is at risk and what is their living standard?
    4. 8.4 Causes of unemployment, especially with a focus on technology
    5. 8.5 Conclusion
11. Ethnic inequality?
    1. 9.1 Introduction
    2. 9.2 Deserving or undeserving is it objective?
    3. 9.3 Example of inequalities related to ethnicity
    4. 9.4 Conclusions
12. Democratic inequality and happiness inequality and their impact on social cohesion
    1. 10.1 Introduction
    2. 10.2 Measuring democratic inequality
    3. 10.3 Social cohesion and democratic inequality
    4. 10.4 Inequality in happiness
    5. 10.5 Conclusions
13. Does the welfare state contribute to changes in the degree of inequality?
    1. 11.1 Introduction
    2. 11.2 Welfare states as piggy-bank
    3. 11.3 Use of taxes and duties might result in a higher degree of equality
    4. 11.4 The role of welfare states, especially in Europe
    5. 11.5 Conclusions
14. What can welfare states do to reduce inequality?
    1. 12.1 Introduction
    2. 12.2 Instruments available for welfare states
       1. 12.2.1 Introduction
       2. 12.2.2 Economic inequality
       3. 12.2.3 Inequality in health
       4. 12.2.4 Labour market and inequality
       5. 12.2.5 Gender and ethnic inequality
       6. 12.2.6 Educational inequality
       7. 12.2.7 Well-being and happiness inequality
       8. 12.2.8 Democratic inequality
    3. 12.3 Can we measure what countries are doing?
    4. 12.4 Basic income?
    5. 12.5 Conclusions
15. Concluding reflections
    1. 13.1 Introduction
    2. 13.2 Is inequality multidimensional?
    3. 13.3 Instruments to reduce inequality
    4. 13.4 Inequality and welfare regimes
    5. 13.5 Conclusions
16. Bibliography
17. Index

Preface

Inequality is a theme that has preoccupied decision-makers, populations, and also researchers for many, many years. The increase in economic inequality over the last 2030 years has contributed to this development, but at the same time there is a growing recognition that inequality cannot be considered by looking only at the distribution of economic resources. There is a need for a varied and broad approach to understanding inequality, its causes, and instruments for changing it if so desired.

At first glance, it sounds simple to analyse and describe inequality, but it is complex and multifaceted. Therefore, several choices have also been needed to ensure that the book, on the one hand, systematically covers the topic, but on the other hand does not become so detailed that it comes to overshadow the understanding of the overall elements related to inequality.

My hope is that the book will contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of inequality, a range of causes of inequality, and what instruments welfare states will have available if there is a desire to change inequality in one or more areas. At the same time, the book is an attempt to illustrate that we shall always have a certain degree of inequality, and some kinds of inequality may be necessary to counteract inequality in other areas. When the book does not provide a clear answer as to what needs to be done and in what way to change the degree of inequality, it is because, ultimately, it is a normative question as to how great a degree of inequality is acceptable. But at the same time, the book clarifies that a high and growing degree of inequality can have negative consequences for the development of welfare states. Thus, there are some balances to be aware of.

The book is deliberately interdisciplinary in recognition of variations in the understanding of inequality, and further, to a large extent, building on the tradition of analyses within social policy. This includes, for example, philosophical, economic, sociological, and political science approaches to understanding and analysing inequality.

My thanks to referees and my research group at RUC for comments, which I believe have helped to make the book better and more structured.

Bagsvrd and Roskilde

February 2021

Bent Greve

List of the tables and figures

Figure 1.1	10% highest income earners pre-tax percentages of total income 19152017 3
Figure 1.2	Development in Gini-coefficient in selected EU countries since 2005 4

Table 3.1

The Central Human Capabilities 36

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