Bernard Barber - Constructing the Social System

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CONSTRUCTING the SOCIAL SYSTEM

CONSTRUCTING the SOCIAL SYSTEM

Bernard Barber

First published 1993 by Transaction Publishers

Published 2021 by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1993 by Taylor & Francis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Catalog Number: 92-43850

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Barber, Bernard. Constructing the social system/Bernard Barber p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Social systems. 2. Social structure. I. Title. HM131.B285 1993 301dc20

92-43850 CIP

ISBN 13: 978-1-56000-102-7 (hbk)

DOI: 10.4324/9780429336638

To the Memory of Talcott Parsons

Contents

Introduction to Part I

1. Neofunctionalism and the Theory of the Social System

Part II Society, Biology, and Physical Space

Introduction to Part II

2. Place, Symbol, and Utilitarian Function in War Memorials

3. The Three Human Females: Biologic-Psychologic-Sociologic

Part III Social Structure

Introduction to Part III

4. Participation and Mass Apathy in Associations

5. Bureaucratic Organization and the Volunteer

6. "Fashion" in Science

7. "Fashion" in Women's Clothes and the American Social System

With Lyle S. Lobel

8. Family Status, Local-Community Status, and Social Stratification: Three Types of Social Ranking

9. Inequality and Occupational Prestige: Theory, Research, and Social Policy

10. Social Mobility in Hindu India

11. The Absolutization of the Market: Some Notes on How We Got from There to Here

12. Control and Responsibility in the Powerful Professions

13. Some "New Men of Power": The Case of Biomedical Research Scientists

14. Is American Business Becoming Professionalized? Analysis of a Social Ideology

Part IV Cultural Structure

Introduction to Part IV

15. On the Relation between "Culture" and "Social Structure"

16. Is the Structure of Culture Hierarchical? The "High and Low" Problem

17. Tension and Accommodations between Science and Humanism

18. Function, Variability, and Change in Ideological Systems

Part V Personality

Introduction to Part V

19. Compassion in Medicine: Toward New Definitions and New Institutions

20. "The Compassionate Physician": Frequency and Social Determinants of Physician-Investigator Concern for Human Subjects

With John J. Lally

Part VI Social Deviance

Introduction to Part VI

21. The Ethics of Experimentation with Human Subjects

22. Professions, Professional Autonomy, and Professional Deviance

23. Doing Well by Doing Good? Should Professionals Advertise?

Part VII Social Change

Introduction to Part VII

24. Acculturation and Messianic Movements

25. Professors, Authority, and Change

1. 1. Introduction to Part I
   2. 1. Neofunctionalism and the Theory of the Social System
2. Part II Society, Biology, and Physical Space
   1. Introduction to Part II
   2. 2. Place, Symbol, and Utilitarian Function in War Memorials
   3. 3. The Three Human Females: Biologic-Psychologic-Sociologic
3. Part III Social Structure
   1. Introduction to Part III
   2. 4. Participation and Mass Apathy in Associations
   3. 5. Bureaucratic Organization and the Volunteer
   4. 6. "Fashion" in Science
   5. 7. "Fashion" in Women's Clothes and the American Social System
   6. 8. Family Status, Local-Community Status, and Social Stratification: Three Types of Social Ranking
   7. 9. Inequality and Occupational Prestige: Theory, Research, and Social Policy
   8. 10. Social Mobility in Hindu India
   9. 11. The Absolutization of the Market: Some Notes on How We Got from There to Here
   10. 12. Control and Responsibility in the Powerful Professions
   11. 13. Some "New Men of Power": The Case of Biomedical Research Scientists
   12. 14. Is American Business Becoming Professionalized? Analysis of a Social Ideology
4. Part IV Cultural Structure
   1. Introduction to Part IV
   2. 15. On the Relation between "Culture" and "Social Structure"
   3. 16. Is the Structure of Culture Hierarchical? The "High and Low" Problem
   4. 17. Tension and Accommodations between Science and Humanism
   5. 18. Function, Variability, and Change in Ideological Systems
5. Part V Personality
   1. Introduction to Part V
   2. 19. Compassion in Medicine: Toward New Definitions and New Institutions
   3. 20. "The Compassionate Physician": Frequency and Social Determinants of Physician-Investigator Concern for Human Subjects
6. Part VI Social Deviance
   1. Introduction to Part VI
   2. 21. The Ethics of Experimentation with Human Subjects
   3. 22. Professions, Professional Autonomy, and Professional Deviance
   4. 23. Doing Well by Doing Good? Should Professionals Advertise?
7. Part VII Social Change
   1. Introduction to Part VII
   2. 24. Acculturation and Messianic Movements
   3. 25. Professors, Authority, and Change

Guide

Acknowledgments

As is clear throughout this volume, my chief debt is to Talcott Parsons, to whose memory I give respectful and affectionate thanks. Although eventually his social systems analysis went in a more abstract, quite different direction from mine, I owe to him my abiding conviction of the essential importance of social system theory for sociological theory and research. As is also evident, I am indebted to him for important leading ideas on various particular topics treated in these essays.

For more than forty years, Elinor G. Barber has been my invaluable and constant guide. I thank my long-time friends and colleagues, Alex Inkeles and Viviana Zelizer. I am indebted to Paul Colomy for inviting me to compose the first essay in this volume. And finally, I am grateful to Irving Louis Horowitz and Mary Curtis for encouraging me to construct this account of the construction of social system theory.

Introduction

Purpose and Organization

The basic purposes of this book are to present an integrated statement of a generalized theory and model for social system analysis and to show how this theory and model have been used and developed in my theoretical/empirical work over the last fifty years, I have attempted to set forth what has been my lifelong task and goal in sociology: how I went about using and continuously constructing social system theory. This task and goal is nowadays not a widely understood or approved task in sociology. Indeed, it is often harshly dismissed as "general theory," a much-abused term often applied even by those who are constructing other systems of general theory.

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