Yusuf A. Sayigh - The Determinants of Arab Economic Development
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ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS:
THE ECONOMY OF THE MIDDLE EAST
THE ECONOMY OF THE MIDDLE EAST
Volume 8
THE DETERMINANTS OF ARAB ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
First published in 1978
This edition first published in 2015
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
1978 Yusif A. Sayigh
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-1-138-78710-0 (Set)
eISBN: 978-1-315-74408-7 (Set)
ISBN: 978-1-138-81002-0 (Volume 8)
eISBN: 978-1-315-74652-4 (Volume 8)
Publishers Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.
Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.
1978 Yusif A. Sayigh
Croom Helm Limited, 2-10 St Johns Road, London SW11
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Sayigh, Yusif Abdalla
The determinants of Arab economic development.
1. Economic development 2. Arab countries Economic conditions
I. Title
330.9174927 HC498 77-3846
ISBN 0-85664469-2
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddies Ltd, Guildford, Surrey
Contents
I would like to record my enormous debt to the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development which gave me a generous grant to enable me to take long leave from the American University of Beirut, on whose faculty I served at the time, in order to undertake the research, travel, and writing called for by the two volumes of this study, and to finance the research and secretarial assistance required.* While my debt to the Board of Directors of the Fund is heavy, it is particularly so to Mr. Abdul-Latif Al-Hamad, the Director-General of the Fund, for his appreciation of the importance of the study and his sympathetic understanding when the study took much longer to complete than originally planned.
It is to be stressed, in this connection, that the views and judgements made, and there are many, are mine. The Management of the Fund is not to blame for any of these. On the contrary, it is to be thanked for allowing me the freedom to express my views. I trust I have not abused of this privilege, but have used it responsibly, and hope that the Fund will not in any way have reason to regret either the award of the grant, or the liberty it accorded me in expressing myself, whether in the survey or analysis undertaken, in the judgements made, or in the conclusions reached.
The manuscript was read by some of the economists serving on the staff of the Fund. As a result, I have benefited from a number of comments and suggestions made. While expressing my gratitude to those who took the trouble to read the manuscript, I would like to extend my apologies for not accepting all the comments and suggestions offered. It may be an authors failing to resort to his own judgement in the final analysis, but this is at the same time a privilege that he enjoys.
It is my pleasure likewise to thank the very large number of persons in the twelve countries covered about 350 in all whom I interviewed for the study in the course of my field work, and who gave me the benefit of their wisdom and experience, and the many who supplied me with published reports, studies, and statistics of relevance to my research. To all of these, who must remain unnamed, I extend my gratitude and appreciation. I hope they will feel that I have made proper use of the help they accorded me, and that the study reflects their opinions correctly and responsibly.
Finally, I would like to record my warm thanks to Mrs Sana Najjar Izzeddin who alone typed and re-typed the very long manuscript, and organised the many tables, always with cheer, precision, and perfect cooperativeness. Without her the task would have been much more demanding and less manageable.
Beirut, 31st January, 1977
Y.A.S.
* A companion volume to the present one appears simultaneously under the title The Economies of the Arab World.
The present volume is designed to provide scope for the identification of the major determinants, or the prime movers, of development in the Arab world, and for the exploration of the manner and reach of their operation. 1 To provide a frame of reference and a measuring rod for this objective, an examination of the concept of development is first undertaken. There would be no clear purpose to the enquiry if the development whose determinants were to be explored was not first defined, even if operationally. Finally, this volume serves as a sort of crystal ball (albeit one using analysis as a basis) in the final chapter, through which an assessment of the potential for development of each country, and of the Arab region as a whole, is attempted.
More specifically, the present chapter is meant to provide focus for five lines of vision. It is, first, to serve as intellectual base for the study as a whole, in its two volumes, but more particularly for the present volume. As such, it sets out to explain the nature of development and to provide some precision in the differentiation between this concept on the one hand, and growth, industrialisation and modernisation on the other hand. While so doing, it will suggest the scope of these concepts and steer thought away from a simplistic attitude to them by identifying and interrelating the various aspects of the concepts in the economic as well as the non-economic realms.
Indeed, while emphasis is on the final analytical-cum-operational purpose of the whole enquiry, the readers awareness is at the same time heightened of the social, cultural, and even philosophical issues that are related to or intertwined with development. Furthermore, as an intellectual base for the two volumes, and more so for the present volume, the chapter provides perspective within the depth of which the institutions, the forces, the determinants and the mechanisms of development can be better understood, designed or manipulated always within the context of the Arab world. And finally, it is hoped that through the intellectual interaction attempted in the chapter, it will become possible to differentiate between development as a state, and as a process. The differentiation is significant if only because it reveals the difference between a descriptive, static and an analytical, dynamic approach to development.
It might be objected that this first purpose of the present chapter, namely to be an intellectual base for the study as a whole, ought to have been served by the Introduction, which formed the first chapter of Volume I, the companion volume. This argument gains strength from the fact that the record of the twelve countries covered in the study (and of the region as a whole) with respect to development achieved could not be set down and evaluated without development having first been defined. This is true. But, to circumvent the objection, we set out in the Introduction to provide a provisional, operational definition of development which may not have been rigorous but hopefully was adequate, and we also differentiated development from associated concepts sufficiently for the purpose of Volume I. In any case, the reader who wanted a deeper analysis of the concept was invited in the Introduction to turn to the present chapter before proceeding with the rest of Volume I.
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