Ming Xia - The Dual Developmental State: Development Strategy and Institutional Arrangements for Chinas Transition

The Dual Developmental State

Development strategy and institutional arrangements for Chinas transition

MING XIA

The City Univeristy of New York The College of Staten Island

First published 2000 by Ashgate Publishing

Reissued 2018 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright Ming Xia 2000

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Publishers Note

The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer

The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact.

A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 99076154

ISBN 13:978-1-138-70830-3 (hbk)

ISBN 13:978-1-315-20119-1 (ebk)

Thanks go to three American families: Alvin and Sally Magid, Henry and JoAnn Rosement, Benedict Stavis and Marjatta Lyyra, for helping me to pursue my Ph.D. degree in the United States and to have finished it at Temple University of Philadelphia.

Temple University political science faculty gave me incredible help during my six-year stay there. Joseph Schwartz, Lynn Miller, Harry Bailey, Jr., Lloyd Jensen, Aryeh Botwinick, Elliott White, Frederick Herzon, and Gary Mucciaroni were caring and inspiring. Since the major ideas of this book were first developed in my dissertation, my dissertation committee (Benedict Stavis, Robert Osborn, Richard Deeg, and Cathy Walker) helped me think through my thesis. The dissertation fellowship from Temple Graduate School provided crucial financial help for my research. The Bernard Watson Best Dissertation Award from Temple University in the 1997 graduating year encouraged me to complete my work. Helpful were several travel funds from Temple University Center for East Asian Studies, University of Chicago Center for East Asian Studies, and the APSA Foreign Graduate Travel Fund. Robert Kidder and Gale Johnson, both directors for the Centers for East Asian Studies at Temple and Chicago, provided gracious help to me in getting travel funds.

Thanks go to my classmates at Temple: Philip Avila, Angela Bailey, Patrick Cannon, Brigid Callahan, Mark Cohen, Sharon Gramby-Sobukwe, James Heasley, Chieke Ihejirika, Carol Jenkens, Sharon Leacock, Sam Miller, Donald Rieck, Theresa Singleton, Sonja Moore-Siler, and Gyonwoo Yun. They enriched my intellectual, cultural, and spiritual life. I will always retain a warm memory of these wonderful years.

My colleagues at the City University of New York, the College of Staten Island have provided me sustaining support. Daniel Kramer read the entire manuscript, provided comments and saved me from many embarrassments. Nathan Greenspan, Larry Nachman and Michaela Richter helped me juggle heavy teaching and extensive writing during my first two years of teaching at CUNY. The PSC-CUNY Research Fund provided financial support to me to do further research and collect more data in China during the summers of 1998 and 1999. The Presidential Release Time Award from the College of Staten Island gave me time to focus on my writing.

Several chapters were respectively presented to the annual conferences of American Political Science Association, Northeastern Political Science Association, Association for Chinese Political Studies, and the Workshop of Parliamentary Scholars and Parliamentarians. Kevin J. OBrien (Ohio State university), Jean-Marc Blanchard (University of Pennsylvania), Feiling Wang (Georgia Institute of Technology), Don-Yun Chen (University of Rochester), Guoli Liu (College of Charleston), Philip Norton (University of Hull), made valuable comments. In writing , I got generous help from Sheying Chen, Principle Investigator of Public Policy and Development Strategy: An International Comparative Study Project, for introducing his contacts to me. During my visit to China to collect data in 1998 and 1999, many Chinese scholars and officials provided tremendous help. Here I cannot thank them by name in order to protect their anonymity that I promised.

Two chapters have drawn materials from my two articles published in the Journal of Legislative Studies: Information Efficiency, Organization Development, and the Institutional Linkages of the Provincial Peoples Congresses in China, vol. 3, no. 3 (Fall 1997), Chinas National Peoples Congress: Institutional Transformation in the Process of Regime Transition, vol. 4, no. 4 (Winter 1998). I thank the publisher, Frank Cass & Co Ltd. for allowing me to incorporate part of these two articles into the book.

My friend, Alan Ponikvar and his father, Adolph, took great pains to proofread the entire manuscript and made it presentable.

I take sole responsibility for any errors that escaped my scrutiny.

M.X.

Staten Island, New York

The Puzzles to be Explored

The developmental state model originated in Japan and later spread to other East Asian countries. Over the past decade it has ascended to the status of the leading paradigm for the study of the East Asian political economies (Johnson 1982, 1995; Deyo 1987; White and Wade 1988; Amsden 1989; Haggard 1990; Wade 1990; Fallows 1994; Evans 1995; Simone and Feraru 1995; Chan, et al, 1998; Woo-Cumings, 1999). After the summer of 1997, a financial crisis swept over this region and severely challenged the developmental state model (Krugman 1994; Lingle 1997; Sanger 1997; Kim 1998). Despite this fact, it is very unlikely that scholars will abandon this paradigm for explaining the miraculous economic take-off in this region over the past four decades. Moreover, many of the well-known Asian specialists have suggested that this model has been emulated in China. Thus, the largest Asian country has become part of the flying-geese pattern of development led by Japan, followed by the Four Little Dragons and the other East Asian countries (Perkins 1986; White and Wade 1988; White 1991; Overholt 1993; Simone and Feraru 1995; Cheng 1998; Gilley 1998). The words of the Chinese leaders, those specially of Deng Xiaoping, as well as the policies recently implemented have further confirmed this view. Given this development, it is disappointing that no case study on China has been conducted within the context of the developmental state theory. Meanwhile, the institutional arrangements for development in other East Asian countries have been examined in relative detail. This study is designed to fill this academic lacuna.