IN THE
SHADOW
OF POLICY
EVERYDAY PRACTICES IN SOUTH AFRICAN
LAND AND AGRARIAN REFORM
EDITED BY
Paul Hebinck & Ben Cousins
Wits University Press
Jan Smuts Avenue
Johannesburg
South Africa
www.witspress.co.za
Published edition copyright Wits University Press 2013
Compilation copyright Edition editors 2013
Chapter copyright Individual contributors 2013
First published 2013
ISBN 978-1-77614-294-1 (EPUB)
ISBN 978-1-77614-295-8 (MOBI)
ISBN 978-1-86814-745-8 (print)
ISBN 978-1-86814-746-5 (digital)
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher, except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act, Act 98 of 1978.
Project managed by Inga Norenius
Edited by Inga Norenius
Proofread by Lisa Compton
Index by Tina Mssmer
Cover design by Peter Bosman
Layout and DTP artwork by Robin Yule
Printed and bound by Creda Communications
Contents
Paul Hebinck
Paul Hebinck
Ben Cousins
Francois Marais
Yves van Leynseele
Modise Moseki
Harrit Tienstra and Dik Roth
Limpho Taoana
Malebogo Phetlhu
Petunia Khutswane
Robert Ross
Rosalie Kingwill
Karin Kleinbooi
Paul Hebinck and Wim van Averbeke
Klara Jacobson
Zamile Madyibi
Henning de Klerk
Derick Fay
Wim van Averbeke and Jonathan Denison
Ntombekhaya Faku and Paul Hebinck
Tables and figures
Acknowledgements
In the Shadow of Policy is the outcome of a collaborative project called CAPRI (Cape Rural Innovation Project) that was implemented between 2008 and 2012. The project brought together different institutions to discuss and study rural development and to reflect on the role of rural extension in social and economic transformation in post-apartheid South Africa. The focus of the project was on the Cape provinces, Northern, Eastern and Western, and on initiating collaboration between the provincial departments of agriculture and Wageningen University in the Netherlands. The project was initiated by the three departments of agriculture (DOAs). Over time, the project expanded to include collaborators from the University of the Western Cape and Rhodes University. The project was funded by a grant from NUFFIC (Netherlands University Foundation for International Cooperation) which operates under the mandate of the Ministry of Foreign Aid. NUFFIC administers a capacity-building programme (NICHE) from which the CAPRI project received funding.
CAPRI funded the Masters studies at Wageningen University of nine members of staff of the collaborating DOAs. Two PhD students are currently finishing their theses. Another part of the CAPRI project was to engage with rural extension and its frontline workers. Together with the collaborating DOAs, a rural extension training programme was designed and implemented (The Big Five), training over 1 000 extension officers at diploma level, updating their skills and exploring new forms of rural innovation in South Africa. The core of this book consists of the Masters and PhD theses of the CAPRI-funded graduates. Additional authors have contributed chapters on topics not covered.
The book could not have been written without the financial support CAPRI received from NUFFIC. Many others need to be mentioned for their valuable role in CAPRI: Marius Paulse, Ruud Ludeman, Nomakhaya Stemele, Joyene Isaacs, Patience Tamba, Gertrude Gayiya and Waldo Weimers. Carin Vijhuizen at NUFFIC needs specific mentioning, as she championed the compilation of this book.
It is equally important to acknowledge Michael Wessels for his enduring support and patience in assisting most of the authors to write their chapters, commenting on style and argumentation, and correcting spelling.
The book was reviewed by two anonymous reviewers whose reflections on the book as a whole and critical comments on individual chapters were most helpful. In addition, Marc Wegerif, Alberto Arce and Jan Douwe van der Ploeg commented on earlier draft versions of various key chapters of the book. Their comments and suggestions have improved the book considerably.
The support and advice rendered by Roshan Cader, commissioning editor for the Wits University Press, has been extremely important. She successfully guided the book through its process from manuscript submission and reviewing, rewriting and final production of the published product.
Acronyms and abbreviations
ABET | Adult Basic Education and Training |
Agri-BEE | agricultural sector code for black economic empowerment |
ANC | African National Congress |
ARC | Agricultural Research Council |
BEE | Black Economic Empowerment |
CASP | Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme |
CLRA | Communal Land Rights Act |
CPA | Communal Property Association |
CRDP | Comprehensive Rural Development Programme |
CSG | Child Support Grant |
DBSA | Development Bank of Southern Africa |
DLA | Department of Land Affairs |
DOA | Department of Agriculture |
DRDLR | Department of Rural Development and Land Reform |
ECRLCC | Eastern Cape Regional Land Claims Commission |
EDD | Economic Development Department |
EO | extension officer |
FWES | Farmer Worker Equity Share |
GEAR | Growth, Employment and Redistribution programme |
GM | genetically modified |
HFPP | Homestead Food Production Programme |
LRAD | Land Redistribution for Agricultural Development programme |
LRC | Legal Resources Centre |
MAFISA | Micro-agricultural Financial Institutional Scheme of South Africa |
MFPP | Massive Food Production Programme |
MLAR | market-led agrarian reform model |
MST | Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra |
NAFU | National African Farmers Union |
NCP | Northern Cape province |
NDA | National Department of Agriculture |
NGO | non-governmental organisation |
NPC | National Planning Commission |
PDA | Provincial Department of Agriculture |
PGDP | Provincial Growth and Development Plan |
PLAS | proactive land acquisition strategy |
PTO | Permission to Occupy |
RDP | Reconstruction and Development Programme |