Francis Fukuyama - Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution

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Enough: the time is coming when politics will have a different meaning.

Friedrich Nietzeche, The Will to Power , Section 960

Table of Contents

The Great Disruption: Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social Order

Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity

The End of History and the Last Man

The Soviet Union and the Third World: The Last Three Decades (editor, with Andrzej Korbonski)

EPIGRAPH

The context for this quotation is the following: From now on there will be more favorable preconditions for more comprehensive forms of dominion, whose like has never yet existed. And even this is not the most important thing; the possibility has been established for the production of international racial unions whose task will be to rear a master race, the future masters of the earth;a new, tremendous aristocracy, based on the severest self-legislation, in which the will of philosophical men of power and artists-tyrants will be made to endure for millenniaa higher kind of man who, thanks to their superiority in will, knowledge, riches, and influence, employ democratic Europe as their most pliant and supple instrument for getting hold of the destinies of the Earth, so as to work as artists upon man himself.

CHAPTER 1: A TALE OF TWO DYSTOPIAS

Martin Heidegger, Basic Writings (New York: Harper and Row, 1957), p. 308.

Peter Huber, Orwells Revenge : The 1984 Palimpsest (New York: Free Press, 1994), pp. 222228.

Leon Kass, Toward a More Natural Science: Biology and Human Affairs (New York: Free Press, 1985), p. 35.

Bill Joy, Why the Future Doesnt Need Us, Wired 8 (2000): 238246.

Tom Wolfe, Sorry, but Your Soul Just Died, Forbes ASAP , December 2, 1996.

Letter to Roger C. Weightman, June 24, 1826, in The Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Jefferson (New York: Modern Library, 1944), pp. 729730.

Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992).

Ithiel de Sola Pool, Technologies of Freedom (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard/Belknap, 1983).

On this point, see Leon Kass, Introduction: The Problem of Technology, in Technology in the Western Political Tradition , ed. Arthur M. Melzer et al. (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1993), pp. 1014.

See Francis Fukuyama, Second Thoughts: The Last Man in a Bottle, The National Interest , no. 56 (Summer 1999): 1633.

CHAPTER 2: SCIENCES OF THE BRAIN

Quote taken from the e-biomed home page, http://www.liebertpub.com/ebi/defaulti.asp .

For the application of genomics to the study of the mind, see Anne Farmer and Michael J. Owen, Genomics: The Next Psychiatric Revolution?, British Journal of Psychiatry 169 (1996): 135138. See also Robin Fears, Derek Roberts, et al., Rational or Rationed Medicine? The Promise of Genetics for Improved Clinical Practice, British Medical Journal 320 (2000): 933995; and C. Thomas Caskey, DNA-Based Medicine: Prevention and Therapy, in Daniel J. Kevles and Leroy Hood, eds., The Code of Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992).

For an overview of this debate, see Frans de Waal, The End of Nature versus Nurture, Scientific American 281 (1999); 5661.

Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race; or, the Racial Basis of European History, 4th ed., rev. (New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1921).

Jay K. Varma, Eugenics and Immigration Restriction: Lessons for Tomorrow, Journal of the American Medical Association 275 (1996): 734.

See, for example, Ruth Hubbard, Constructs of Genetic Difference: Race and Sex, in Robert F. Weir and Susan C. Lawrence, eds., Genes, Humans , and Self-Knowledge (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1994), pp. 195205; and Ruth Hubbard, The Politics of Womens Biology (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1990).

Carl C. Brigham, A Study of American Intelligence (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1923).

For an argument for the continuity between biology and culture, see Edward O. Wilson, Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (New York: Knopf, 1998), pp. 125130.

Margaret Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa: A Psychological Study of Primitive Youth for Western Civilization (New York: William Morrow, 1928).

Donald Brown, Human Universals (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991), p. 10.

Nicholas Wade, Of Smart Mice and Even Smarter Men, The New York Times , September 7, 1999, p. F1.

Matt Ridley, Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), p. 137.

Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Genes, Peoples, and Languages (New York: North Point Press, 2000), and, with Francesco Cavalli-Sforza, The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1995).

Genetic factors have also been said to play a role in alcoholism. See C. Cloninger, M. Bohman, et al., Inheritance of Alcohol Abuse: Crossfostering Analysis of Alcoholic Men, Archives of General Psychiatry 38 (1981): 861868.

Charles Murray and Richard J. Herrnstein, The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (New York: Free Press, 1995).

Charles Murray, IQ and Economic Success, Public Interest 128 (1997): 2135.

Arthur R. Jensen, How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?, Harvard Educational Review 39 (1969): 1123.

See, passim, Claude S. Fischer et al., Inequality by Design: Cracking the Bell Curve Myth (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996).

Robert G. Newby and Diane E. Newby, The Bell Curve: Another Chapter in the Continuing Political Economy of Racism, American Behavioral Scientist 39 (1995): 1225.

Stephen J. Rosenthal, The Pioneer Fund: Financier of Fascist Research, American Behavioral Scientist 39 (1995): 4462.

On testing more broadly, see Nicholas Lemann, The Big Test: The Secret History of the American Meritocracy (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999).

Francis Galton, Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequences (New York: Appleton, 1869).

Karl Pearson, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1919), p. 21.

Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W. W. Norton, 1981).

Leon Kamin, The Science and Politics of IQ (Potomac, Md.: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1974).

Richard C. Lewontin, Steven Rose, et al., Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology, and Human Nature (New York: Pantheon Books, 1984). For a discussion of this debate, see Thomas J. Bouchard, Jr., IQ Similarity in Twins Reared Apart: Findings and Responses to Critics, in Robert J. Sternberg and Elena L. Grigorenko, eds., Intelligence, Heredity, and Environment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); and Thomas J. Bouchard, Jr., David T. Kykken, et al., Sources of Human Psychological Differences: The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, Science 226 (1990): 223250.

Robert B. Joynson, The Burt Affair (London: Routledge, 1989); and R. Fletcher, Intelligence, Equality, Character, and Education, Intelligence 15 (1991): 139149.

Robert Plomin, Genetics and General Cognitive Ability, Nature 402 (1999): C25C44.

See, inter alia, Howard Gardner, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences (New York: Basic Books, 1983); and Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice (New York: Basic Books, 1993).

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