Abbreviations
AB Annales Bertiani , ed. G. Waitz, MGH Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum 5 (Hannover, 1883); trans. J. L. Nelson, The Annals of St Bertin , Manchester Medieval Sources Ninth-Century Histories 1 (Manchester, 1991); cited by annal year
thelweard, Chronicon Chronicon thelweardi: The Chronicle of thelweard , ed. and trans. A. Campbell, Medieval Texts (London, 1962)
AF Annales Fuldenses , ed. F. Kurze, MGH Scriptores rerum Germanicarum 7 (Hanover, 1891); trans. T. Reuter, The Annals of Fulda , Ninth-Century Histories 2 (Manchester, 1992); cited by annal year
ANS Various editors, Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies 1978 etc. (Woodbridge, 1979 etc.); cited by volume number, conference and publication years
ASC Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition , general eds D. N. Dumville and S. D. Keynes (Woodbridge, 9 vols published, 1983-present); cited by MS where versions differ substantially (MR = Mercian Register, in MSS B and C) and, unless otherwise noted, corrected annal year
ASE Anglo-Saxon England ; cited by volume and year
ASSAH Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History ; cited by volume and year
Asser Asser, Vita Alfredi : W. H. Stevenson (ed.), Assers Life of King Alfred, together with the Annals of Saint Neots erroneously ascribed to Asser (Oxford, 1906); trans. S. D. Keynes and M. Lapidge (eds), Alfred the Great: Assers Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources (Harmondsworth, 1983)
BAR British Archaeological Reports
Bede, HE Bede, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum: Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People , ed. and trans. B. Colgrave and R. A. B. Mynors, OMT (Oxford, 1969); cited by book, chapter and page
Bosworth-Toller J. Bosworth and T. Toller, An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (Oxford, 1898)
Carmen de Hastingae proelio The Carmen de Hastingae proelio of Guy, Bishop of Amiens , ed. and trans. F. Barlow, OMT (Oxford, 1999)
DB Domesday Book: reference to Greater Domesday (i.e. the Exchequer manuscript) unless otherwise indicated (LDB denotes reference to the Little Domesday manuscript); cited according to the relevant Phillimore county edition (J. Morris [general ed.], Chichester, 197586) and manuscript folio
EHD 1 English Historical Documents vol. 1: c. 5001042 , ed. D. Whitelock (London, 1955; 2nd edn, 1979)
EHD 2 English Historical Documents vol. 2: 10421189 , ed. D. C. Douglas and G. W. Greenaway (London, 1953; 2nd edn, 1981)
EETS Early English Text Society
EHR English Historical Review
Encomium Emmae Encomium Emmae Reginae , ed. A. Campbell, Camden 3rd series 72 (London, 1949)
EME Early Medieval Europe
HH Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum: The History of the English People , ed. and trans. Diana Greenway, OMT (Oxford, 1996); cited by book, chapter, and page
HSJ Haskins Society Journal
JMMH Journal of Medieval Military History
JW vol. 2 The Chronicle of John of Worcester: Volume II: The Annals from 4501066 , ed. and trans. R. R. Darlington and P. McGurk, OMT (Oxford, 1995); cited by annal and page
JW vol. 3 The Chronicle of John of Worcester: Volume III: The Annals from 10671140 with the Gloucester Interpolations and the Continuation to 1141 , ed. and trans. P. McGurk, OMT (Oxford, 1998); cited by annal and page
Gesetze Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen , ed. F. Liebermann (Halle, 3 vols, 190316)
MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica
ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004)
OE Orosius The Old English Orosius , ed. J. Bately, EETS supplementary series 6 (London, 1980); trans. B. Thorpe, Alfreds Anglo-Saxon Version of Orosius, in R. Pauli, The Life of Alfred the Great , trans. A. P., ed. B. Thorpe (London, 1853), pp. 238528; cited by book and chapter
OMT Oxford Medieval Texts
Orosius, Libri VII Pauli Orosii Historiarum adversum Paganos libri VII , ed. C. F. W. Zangemeister (Leipzig, 1889); trans. R. J. Deferrari, Paulus Orosius: The Seven Books of Histories against the Pagans , Fathers of the Church. A New Translation 50 (Washington DC, 1964); cited by book and chapter
O.S. Ordnance Survey (used to denote National Grid References)
OV Orderici Vitalis Historia cclesiastica / The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis , ed. and trans. M. Chibnall, OMT (Oxford, 6 vols., 196880)
Plummer-Earle C. Plummer and J. Earle, Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel , 2 vols (Oxford, 18929)
RS Rolls Series
S Citation of charter (with date or date range), catalogued in Anglo-Saxon Charters: An Annotated List and Bibliography , ed. P. H. Sawyer, Royal Historical Society Guides and Handbooks 8 (London, 1968); revised version ed. S. E. Kelly (forthcoming), edited by S. M. Miller for the British AcademyRoyal Historical Society Anglo-Saxon Charters website
SEHB Studies in the Early History of Britain
SEMA Studies in the Early Middle Ages
TRHS Transactions of the Royal Historical Society ; cited by series, volume and year
VCH The Victoria History of the Counties of England ; cited by county volume
Wace Le Roman de Rou de Wace , ed. A. J. Holden, Socit des anciens textes franais (Paris, 3 vols., 19703); trans. G. S. Burgess with E. M.C van Houts, The History of the Norman People: Waces Roman de Rou (Woodbridge, 2004); cited by book and line numbers
WM, GP William of Malmesbury, Gesta Pontificum Anglorum, The History of the English Bishops: Volume 1 , ed. and trans. M. Winterbottom and R. M. Thomson, OMT (Oxford, 2007)
WM, GR William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum: The History of the English Kings, Volume 1 , ed. and trans. R. M. Thomson, M. Winterbottom and R. A. B. Mynors, OMT (Oxford, 1998); cited by book, chapter, and page number.
WP The Gesta Guillelmi of William of Poitiers , ed. and trans. R. H. C. Davis and M. Chibnall, OMT (Oxford, 1998)
1
Introduction: A Society at War
Mentalities of Warfare in Later Anglo-Saxon England
T he writing of a book on the sources and interpretations of Anglo-Saxon warfare is, in many ways, an exercise in extrapolation. Few extant sources from the Anglo-Saxon period deal specifically with the art of war. There is no known treatise equivalent to the work of the late Roman writer Vegetius, although it is known that his manuscript was copied in eleventh-century England. Nonetheless, the major historical sources, narrative chronicles, saints lives , charters, wills, laws, and, of course, poetry all reflect the important part that warfare played in the lives and preoccupations of later Anglo-Saxon society. To refer to a society at war, as this chapters title does, may overstate a point, but it is nonetheless a pertinent overstatement, for which a case study will be useful.
Ealdorman thelweard: The writing of history
and the experience of warfare in the tenth century
While the following is not an unfamiliar case study, The manner in which the Chronicon records an account of English history as thelweard saw it provides some important insights to his own worldview and experience as an ealdorman (effectively a provincial governor) of the south-western provinces during the reigns of King Edgar the Peaceable (957/975), Edward the Martyr (9758) and thelred the Unready (9781016).
Such ealdormen especially thelweard occupy a curious position in the historiographical imagination. On the one hand, their administrative responsibilities figure large: the manner in which they and their contemporaries are recorded in the witness lists of Anglo-Saxon charters reminds us of the crucial role that courtly politics, often related to the assembly of the great and the good of the kingdom for participation in a campaign, played in the wider political development of the later Anglo-Saxon state.