John W. Dower - Cultures of War

ALSO BY JOHN W. DOWER

The Elements of Japanese Design

Empire and Aftermath: Yoshida Shigeru and the Japanese Experience, 18781945

A Century of Japanese Photography, 18401945 (editor)

War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War

Japan in War and Peace: Selected Essays

Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II

F OR A SHLEY AND C AILEY,
WITH LOVE
AND WITH THE HOPE THEY WILL KNOW
TRUE CULTURES OF PEACE

CONTENTS

PART I
PEARL HARBOR AS CODE
Wars of Choice and Failures of Intelligence

PART II
GROUND ZERO 1945 AND GROUND ZERO 2001
Terror and Mass Destruction

PART III
WARS AND OCCUPATIONS
Winning the Peace, Losing the Peace

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

USS Arizona burning on Battleship Row.

Flak and billowing smoke at Pearl Harbor.

A rescue boat approaches the USS West Virginia .

USS Shaw exploding.

A broken B-17, caught on the ground at Hickam Field.

Remember Dec. 7th!

Remember Pearl HarborEnlist Now!

Avenge December 7.

Avenge Pearl HarborOur Bullets Will Do It.

Iwo Jima three-cent postage stamp.

Heroes USA 2001 postage stamp.

Flight 175 approaches the burning World Trade Center.

Moment of impact at the south tower of the World Trade Center.

September 11: Falling Man.

A fireman calls for more help in the ruins of the World Trade Center.

Japanese crew cheer a torpedo plane taking off on December 7.

A Japanese officer watches the Pearl Harbor attack planes take off.

Japanese planes revving up on deck.

Aerial photograph of the first torpedo bombs striking Battleship Row.

A Japanese American youngster awaits relocation, April 1942.

Dust storm at Manzanar, July 1942.

Wanted Dead or AliveOsama bin Laden, September 2001.

We Will Always Remember 9-11, April 2003.

Pakistani demonstrators, October 2001.

Anti-American rally in London, September 2001.

Indonesian demonstrators, September 2001.

Afghan youth viewing Islamist posters, September 2004.

Toward the Advance of a Scientific Japan.

Rise of Asia.

Crush Anglo-AmericansBuild Up the New Philippines.

East Asia Combined.

Biblical quotations on top-secret Operation Iraqi Freedom reports to the president.

March 22, 2003: Tomahawk missile launched in the opening shock and awe stage of Operation Iraqi Freedom.

March 21: Baghdad burning.

March 29: A British marine encounters an Iraqi woman in Umm Qasr.

March 31: An Iraqi prisoner and his young son in Najaf.

April 9: U.S. marines take over a palace in Baghdad.

April 9: Statue of Saddam Hussein is toppled from its pedestal.

April 9: A marine places the Stars and Stripes over the face of the statue of Saddam Hussein.

April 16: A soldier weeps at a memorial service in Baghdad.

Ground Zero sign at the Trinity test site in Alamogordo.

Crying baby in Shanghai after a Japanese bombing attack, August 1937.

Stairway to nowhere photographed by John Swope, AugustSeptember 1945.

Bombed Japanese town photographed by John Swope, AugustSeptember 1945.

Lbeck under RAF bombardment, March 1942.

British Lancaster bomber over Hamburg, July 1943.

Mock German and Japanese residences at Dugway Proving Ground.

Charred bodies after the great Tokyo air raid of March 9, 1945.

Tokyo in flames, May 1945.

Warships and bombers advancing on Japan (U.S. bombing leaflet).

Hell on earth (U.S. bombing leaflet).

Panic (U.S. bombing leaflet).

Burning man (U.S. bombing leaflet).

Twelve-city bombing leaflet, JulyAugust 1945.

Afghanistan bombing leaflet, October 2001.

Japanese Should There Be Air Raids poster.

Mushroom cloud over Hiroshima.

Crossroad in the Hiroshima wasteland.

Mushroom cloud over Nagasaki.

The nuclear wasteland near the Urakami Cathedral in Nagasaki.

Trinity: The early fireball at .025 second.

The fireball at .090 second.

Mushroom cloud forming at 2 seconds.

The mushroom cloud at 10 seconds.

Buna Beach: Life magazines breakthrough photograph, September 1943.

Cover of the April 9, 1945, issue of Life , with W. Eugene Smiths Iwo Jima photograph.

Six kamikaze pilots pose for a portrait before departing on their missions.

A kamikaze about to hit the USS Missouri .

A kamikaze bursts into flame upon striking the USS Intrepid .

U.S. sailors killed by a kamikaze being buried at sea.

The gadget: The Trinity bomb just prior to detonation.

J. Robert Oppenheimer and General Leslie Groves at Ground Zero of the Trinity explosion.

Oak Ridge, Tennessee: The X-10 graphite reactor.

Oak Ridge: The K-25 gaseous diffusion plant.

Hanford, Washington: The B reactor plant for producing plutonium.

Oak Ridge: Y-12 calutron operators.

Oak Ridge: calutron racetrack for uranium separation.

Stay on the job until every murdering Jap is wiped out!

Injured mother and son in Hiroshima, October 1945.

Mother and child in Hiroshima ruins, December 1945.

Mother and child clutching rice balls in Nagasaki, August 10, 1945.

August 19, 1945: Japanese envoys touch down in the Ryukyu Islands en route to Manila.

August 30, 1945: General MacArthur arrives at Atsugi airfield.

September 29, 1945: MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito, side by side.

GI distributing candy from his jeep, September 1945.

Bicycle-riding U.S. sailor with a parasol, August 1945.

Bicycle-riding U.S. soldier with a girlfriend, January 1946.

Musical kitsch in Tokyo, January 1946.

Life magazines Tokyo Romance, April 1947.

Alfred Eisenstaedt and picturesque Japan, January 1946.

Alfred Eisenstaedt and feminine Japan, February 1946.

U.S. Army art: Central Japan , 1946.

U.S. Army art: In a Temple Garden , 1947.

Japans formal surrender aboard the USS Missouri , September 2, 1945.

Mission Accomplished banner on the USS Abraham Lincoln , May 1, 2003.

President Bush and flight-deck crew, May 1, 2003.

Antiterrorism rally in Baghdad, December 2003.

Sunni Muslims protest the American presence, 2003.

Iraqis celebrate a roadside bomb that killed U.S. soldiers, January 2004.

Militants prepare for battle with U.S. forces, August 2003.

Policeman killed by a suicide bomber, February 2004.

Funeral for slain Sunni Arabs, July 2005.

International Military Tribunal for the Far East.

Trial of Saddam Hussein.

Trial of General Tomoyuki Yamashita.

The Abu Ghraib torture scandal in Iraqi eyes.

Abu Ghraib in Iranian eyes.

Allied POWs liberated in Aomori, Japan, August 1945.

Emaciated American POWs liberated in Manila, February 1945.

Japanese POWs listen to the emperors announcement of capitulation, August 1945.

Starving Japanese sailors rescued in the Marshall Islands, September 1945.

Iraq Must Be Built by Iraqis, May 2003.

Iraq for SaleEverything Must Go, October 2003.

Iraq for Iraqis, November 2003.

Evacuating a wounded comrade in Fallujah, November 2004.

A GI guards a mother and her children during a house search in Mosul, March 2005.

Joint cordon and search operation in Baghdad, January 2007.

Mother and child injured in a car bombing in Baghdad, December 2008.

An Iraqi woman protests the seizure of suspected insurgents, July 2008.

Weeping woman at a protest demanding government aid for widows and orphans, November 2008.