Sue Wright - Language Policy and Language Issues in the Successor States of the Former USSR (Current Issues in Language and Society (Unnumbered).)
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Language Policy and Language Issues in the Successor States of the Former USSR (Current Issues in Language and Society (Unnumbered).)
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This book looks at the question of language rights: the rights of minorities to remain monolingual if they so wish and the rights of governments to promote the language of the majority as the language of the state. The central question is once again the thorny problem of whether linguistic rights are fundamental human rights, and therefore inalienable and individual, or whether they are group rights, since communication necessarily involves more than one individual. The context of this discussion is the situation of the Russian speakers in Latvia and Kyrgyzstan.
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Language Policy and Language Issues in the Successor States of the Former USSR Current Issues in Language and Society (Unnumbered)
author
:
Wright, Sue
publisher
:
Multilingual Matters
isbn10 | asin
:
1853594636
print isbn13
:
9781853594632
ebook isbn13
:
9780585359632
language
:
English
subject
Language policy--Former Soviet republics, Former Soviet republics--Languages.
publication date
:
1999
lcc
:
P119.32.F6L36 1999eb
ddc
:
306.44/947
subject
:
Language policy--Former Soviet republics, Former Soviet republics--Languages.
Page i
Language Policy and Language Issues in the Successor States of the Former USSR
Edited by Sue Wright
Page ii
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Language Policy and Language Issues in the Successor States of the Former USSR/Edited by Sue Wright Current Issues in Language and Society (Unnumbered) Includes bibliographical references 1. Language policyFormer Soviet republics. 2. Former Soviet republicsLanguages. I. Wright, Sue. II. Series. P119.32.F6L36 1999 306.44'947dc21 99-38842
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 1-85359-463-6 (hbk)
Multilingual Matters Ltd UK: Frankfurt Lodge, Clevedon Hall, Victoria Road, Clevedon BS21 7HH. USA: UTP, 2250 Military Road, Tonawanda, NY 14150, USA. Canada: UTP, 5201 Dufferin Street, North York, Ontario M3H 5T8, Canada. Australia: P.O. Box 586, Artarmon, NSW, Australia.
Copyright 2000 Sue Wright and the authors of individual articles.
This book is also available as Vol. 6, No. 1 of the journal Current Issues in Language and Society.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher.
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Short Run Press Ltd.
Page iii
Contents
Editorial
Sue Wright
1
Between Russian and European Hegemony: Current Language Policy in the Baltic States
Uldis Ozolins
6
Ethno-Linguistic Relations in Contemporary Latvia: Mirror Image of the Previous Dispensation?
Frank Knowles
48
Social Conditions for the Implementation of Linguistic Human Rights through Multicultural Policies: The Case of the Kyrgyz Republic
Matthias Koenig
57
Kyrgyzstan: The Political and Linguistic Context
Sue Wright
85
Page 1
Editorial
Sue Wright School of Languages and European Studies, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET
In this issue of Current Issues in Language and Society we return to the question of language rights: the rights of minorities to remain monolingual if they so wish and the rights of governments to promote the language of the majority as the official language of the state. The central question is once again the thorny problem of whether linguistic rights are fundamental human rights, and therefore inalienable and individual, or whether they must be treated as group rights, since communication is necessarily an activity which involves more than one individual. The context of this discussion is the situation of the Russians in the Near Abroad, a negologism coined to designate the states which formed after the collapse of the USSR.
The USSR included 130 nationalities and well over 100 languages, the total number dependent on the definition of what differentiates a dialect from a language (Kirkwood, 1989). In the immediate aftermath of the Russian Revolution, Lenin proposed a very idealistic and ambitious policy of absolute equality for all the languages of the USSR. There have been suggestions (e.g. Crisp, 1989) that Lenin sought by such policies to forestall any nationalist backlash against the Soviet empire. Nonetheless, whatever the motivation, korenizatsiia, the policy of rooting communist ideals in the Republics through the agency of local elites and through the medium of the local language, was a feature of the first decade of Soviet power. Up until 1934 the Soviet system put important resources into the codification, standardisation and development of functions and terminology in many languages within the state. Non-Russian speaking citizens were able to maintain their existing linguistic traditions. The large number of languages in which official text books were published within the USSR (104 in 1934) exemplified this. The growth in literacy was one of the major achievements of the early Soviet period (Crisp, 1989) and literacy outside the Russian speaking areas was in the local language, for the vast majority.
Stalin's accession to power brought about a change of attitude. There was no tolerance of nationalism of any kind and a number of anti-nationalist purges took place. The concept of Soviet patriotism became clearer and was enforced. Russian became a compulsory school subject in 1938. The russification of local languages was decreed. Collectivisation destroyed the traditional base of many local communities. Industrialisation brought large numbers of Russian speakers into the other Republics. An increasingly jacobinist, dogmatic and tyrannical centre jettisoned any lip-service to equality (Simon, 1982). Use of the Russian language inevitably increased throughout the USSR.
The shift to Russian continued under Kruschev. The 195859 Education Reform set aside the philosophy that children should be taught in their mother tongue. Choice of language was now the prerogative of parents. How much this was a real choice is thrown into doubt by the statistics for mother tongue and Russian medium schools. For example, Kreindler (1989) reports that from 1959 onwards all Karelian schools started teaching in Russian from the first grade.
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