Burton R. Clark - The Research Foundations of Graduate Education: Germany, Britain, France, United States, Japan
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The Research Foundations of Graduate Education: Germany, Britain, France, United States, Japan
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A powerful international roster of scholars presents the first comprehensive discussion of advanced education in Germany, Britain, France, Japan, and the United States. For each nation, a detailed overview of the historical development and current conditions of graduate education is followed by an analysis of disciplines and departments.
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University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California
University of California Press Oxford, England
Copyright 1993 by The Regents of the University of California
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The Research foundations of graduate education: Germany, Britain, France, United States, Japan / edited by Burton R. Clark. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-520-07997-3 1. ResearchEurope. 2. ResearchUnited States. 3. Research Japan. 4. Education, HigherResearch. 5. Universities and collegesResearch. I. Clark, Burton R. Q180.E9R47 1993 001.4'094dc20 92-13407 CIP
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984
Page v
CONTENTS
Tables
vii
Acknowledgments
ix
Contributors
xi
Introduction
Burton R. Clark
xv
Part I Germany
Introduction
3
1. The German Model of Research and Advanced Education
Claudius Gellert
5
2. The Conditions of Research Training in Contemporary German Universities
Claudius Gellert
45
Part II Britain
Introduction
69
3. Research Training and Graduate Education: The British Macro Structure
Mary Henkel and Maurice Kogan
71
4. Graduate Education in Britain: The View from the Ground
Tony Becher
115
Part III France
Introduction
157
Page vi
5. Sparation de Corps: The Training of Advanced Students and the Organization of Research in France
Guy Neave
159
6. The Research Training System in France: A Microstudy of Three Academic Disciplines
Guy Neave and Richard Edelstein
192
Part IV The United States
Introduction
223
7. Graduate Education and Organized Research in the United States
Patricia J. Gumport
225
8. Graduate Education and Research Imperatives: Views from American Campuses
Patricia J. Gumport
261
Part V Japan
Introduction
297
9. Graduate Education and Research Organization in Japan
Morikazu Ushiogi
299
10. The Education of Advanced Students in Japan: Engineering, Physics, Economics, and History
Tatsuo Kawashima and Fumihiro Maruyama
326
Conclusion
Burton R. Clark
355
Index
381
Page vii
TABLES
1.1. Students, by Kind of Institution, Federal Republic of Germany, 19601989
18
1.2. Personnel, by Kind of Institution and Subject Area, Federal Republic of Germany, 19721988
19
1.3. Wissenschaft Expenditures in the Federal Republic of Germany, 19791987, by Financial Sources
25
1.4. R&D Expenditure in the Federal Republic of Germany, by Sectors and Sources, 19651987
26
1.5. Public Science Expenditure by Areas and Kind of Expenditure, Federal Republic of Germany, 19791987
29
1.6. R&D Personnel at Institutions of Higher Education by Kind of Personnel and Discipline, Federal Republic of Germany, 1985
31
3.1. Research Funding of British Universities, 19821988
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