John Hope Franklin - Racial Equality in America (Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities, Vol 1976)
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Racial Equality in America (Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities, Vol 1976)
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Now available for the first time in paperback is distinguished historian John Hope Franklins eloquent and forceful meditation on the persistent disparity between the goal of racial equality in America and the facts of discrimination. In a searing critique of Thomas Jefferson, Franklin shows that this spokesman for democracy did not include African Americans among those created equal. Franklin chronicles the events of the nineteenth century that solidified inequality in America and shows how emancipation dealt only with slavery, not with inequality,In the twentieth century, America finally confronted the fact that equality is indivisible: it must not be divided so that it is extended to some at the expense of others. Once this indivisibility is accepted, Franklin charges, America faces the monumental task of overcoming its long heritage of inequality.Racial Equality in America is a powerful reminder that our history is more than a record of idealized democratic traditions and institutions. It is a dramatic message to all Ameicans, calling them to know their history and themselves.
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Presented by the National Endowment for the Humanities
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Racial Equality in America
John Hope Franklin
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Copyright 1976 by The University of Chicago Originally published by the University of Chicago Press First University of Missouri Press paperback printing, 1993 University of Missouri Press, Columbia, Missouri 65201 Printed and bound in the United States of America All rights reserved
5 4 3 2 1 97 96 95 94 93
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Franklin, John Hope, 1915 Racial equality in America / John Hope Franklin. p. cm. Originally published: Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1976. (Jefferson lecture in the humanities ; 1976). Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8262-0912-2 (alk. paper) 1. Afro-AmericansHistory. 2. Afro-Americans Civil rights. I. Title. II. Series: Jefferson lecture in the humanities; 1976. E185.F8267 1993 973'.0496073dc20 93-19766 CIP
This paper meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48, 1984.
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To all those who believe in and work for racial equality in America
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Contents
Preface
ix
1 The Dream Deferred
1
2 The Old Order Changeth Not
37
3 Equality Indivisible
75
For Further Reading
109
Index
115
About the Author
120
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Preface
Shortly after the National Endowment for the Humanities invited me to be the Jefferson Lecturer for 1976 I decided to give the lecture in three parts in three different cities on "Racial Equality in America." The lecture was set in a historical framework, and the first part dealt with the problem of racial equality in Revolutionary America. Thomas Jefferson, as the author of the Declaration of Independence and of the highly significant Notes on Virginia and a leading thinker on social and political problems, was inevitably a central figure in any discussion of the subject. My choice of subject required an extensive examination of his racial views. That the lectureship was named in his honor had no bearing on my selection of a subject or on my treatment of it. And the content of the lecture was not influenced by the fact that it was the Jefferson Lecture. It was the lectureship, not the content of the lecture, that honored him.
In this lecture, I have addressed the problem of racial equality as Americans have confronted that problem since the seventeenth century. I have been concerned primarily with the equality of treatment and of opportunity, and I have given considerable
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attention to the denial of such equal treatment, especially as Negro Americans have experienced such denial through the years. The lecture has not had as its central concern the amelioration of conditions among blacks, for such actions, however praiseworthy, are reminiscent of the practice of humanizing the slave code during the antebellum years. As long as the context was one in which law or rigid customs and practices placed strict limitations on the nature and extent of amelioration, it was impossible for blacks to enjoy racial equality.
Equality, as used here, is not only an ancient concept whose roots go back to the Greek republics. It is also a concept deeply embedded in American constitutional law. One either has it or does not have it. Thus, it is scarcely germane to the central point to observe that blacks are better off now than they were a half-century ago or that they are better off here than they are in Zambia or Mauretania. The criterion by which to measure the status of their equality is neither 1926 nor some far-off principality. Rather, it is the status of their equality as set forth in the Constitution under which they live and the equality enjoyed by others who live under that same Constitution.
I have tried to adhere to the historian's role of describing and analyzing racial inequality in its historical setting. I made no attempt to chart the course for the achievement of equality in the future. As one reads the lecture, however, one may draw some lessons from past experiences and make some inferences regarding the most successful approaches
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This paper meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48, 1984.