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Kasperson Roger E. - World Atlas of Natural Disaster Risk

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Kasperson Roger E. World Atlas of Natural Disaster Risk

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This is the first English-language atlas to systematically introduce the environment, hazard, vulnerability and risk mapping for 11 natural disasters, i.e. earthquake, volcano, landslide, flood, storm surge, sand-dust storm, tropical cyclone, heat wave, cold wave, drought and wildfire, and risk mapping for multi-hazard disaster in the world. The above 11 hazards are assessed and mapped at grid unit, comparable-geographic unit and national unit, and the multi-hazard is assessed and mapped at grid unit and national unit. The expected annual mortality and/or affected population risks and expected annual economic loss and/or affected property risk of 11 hazards and multi-hazard of the world at national level are unprecedentedly derived and ranked. The atlas can be a good reference for researchers and students in the field of natural disaster risk management and risk governance, and enterpriser and risk manager as well to understand the global natural disaster risk.

Prof. Peijun Shi works at Beijing Normal University, China; Prof. Roger Kasperson works at Clark University, USA.

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Part I
Environments and Exposures
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg and Beijing Normal University Press 2015
Peijun Shi and Roger Kasperson (eds.) World Atlas of Natural Disaster Risk IHDP/Future Earth-Integrated Risk Governance Project Series 10.1007/978-3-662-45430-5_1
Mapping Environments and Exposures of the World
Fang Lian 1, Chunqin Zhang 1, Hongmei Pan 2, Man Li 2, Wentao Yang 2, Yongchang Meng 2, Jian Fang 2, Weihua Fang 3, Jingai Wang 4 and Peijun Shi 5
(1)
School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
(2)
Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Ministry of Civil Affairs and Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
(3)
Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
(4)
Key Laboratory of Regional Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
(5)
State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
Peijun Shi
Email:
Cartographic Editors : Jingai Wang (Key Laboratory of Regional Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China) and Fang Lian (School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China).
Language Editor : Saini Yang (State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China).
Introduction
Disaster system, a dynamic system on the earth surface with complex characteristics, is composed of natural hazards (H), exposures (S), environments (E), and disaster losses (D) (Fig. ).
Fig 1 Disaster system Disaster system is a type of socialecological system - photo 1
Fig. 1
Disaster system
Disaster system is a type of socialecological system and also an important part of the earth surface system. Since hazards can be classified into three types by originnatural, naturalhuman (environmental or ecological), and human, a disaster system can also be classified into three subsystemsnatural disaster system, environmental (ecological) disaster system, and human ecological system. Disaster losses and damages are consequences of the interactions of hazards (H), exposures (S), and the environmental system (E) in which disasters occur (Shi ).
Environments
Environments (E) mainly refer to physical environments that are cradles for physical hazards, namely geology, landform, climate, hydrology, vegetation, and soil.
Land elevation, terrain slope and lithology have an impact on the occurrence, development, and spatial distribution of geological hazards, such as landslide, collapse, and debris flow. Tectonic faults have an impact on the occurrence, development, and spatial distribution of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Climate zones directly or indirectly reflect the distribution of extreme climatic events. Soil, land cover, and net primary products (NPP) directly or indirectly influence floods, droughts, and geological hazards. River systems determine the spatial pattern of floods.
Exposures
Exposures (S) mainly include social and economic elements. Population and livestock density exposed to hazards may influence the loss and damage of population and livestock. Land use decides the total loss and loss structures of property caused by natural disasters. Social wealth and gross domestic products (GDP) influence the direct and indirect economic losses. Urbanization level represented by night light index (NLI) directly or indirectly influences the total loss and loss structures of properties.
Mapping Environments and Exposures of the World
There are two major data sources for these maps: reference data and generated data.
4.1 Maps Based on Reference Data
Maps based on reference data include Global Lithology (2012), Global Tectonic Fault Density (2010), Global Land Elevation (1997), Global Terrain Slope (2006), Global Permafrost Zones (1997), Global Land Cover (2010), Global Soil (2010), Global Climate Zone (2010), Global River Systems (2010), Global Annual Average Net Primary Production (NPP) (20012012), Land Use System of the World (2010), Population of the World (2010), Social Wealth of the World (2013), Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the World (2010), Livestock Density of the World (2010), and Night Light Index of the World (2012). The data sources of these maps have been noted in the right corner under each map. In addition, the data of Global Lithology and Fault Density can be purchased with downloaded data from given URLs noted in the maps.
4.2 Maps Based on Generated Data
These maps include the maps of Global Average Net Primary Production and Economic-social Wealth of the World.
4.2.1 Global Average Net Primary Production
The average NPP ( World Atlas of Natural Disaster Risk - image 2 ), which is an average of the annual values from 2001 to 2012, is calculated by Eq. ():
World Atlas of Natural Disaster Risk - image 3
(1)
where NPP i is the annual NPP of the i th year; n = 12.
4.2.2 EconomicSocial Wealth of the World
Economicsocial wealth (ESW) is the ratio of GDP and the investment ratio of one country (Badal et al. ):
2 where ESWcell is the economicsocial wealth per grid cell GDPcell is the - photo 4
(2)
where ESWcell is the economicsocial wealth per grid cell; GDPcell is the GDP per grid cell; INV r is the investment ratio of a country, which is the ratio of total investment to GDP. The value of total investment is based on the national accounting statistics from International Monetary Fund (IMF).
Maps
World Atlas of Natural Disaster Risk - photo 5
World Atlas of Natural Disaster Risk - photo 6
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World Atlas of Natural Disaster Risk - photo 8
World Atlas of Natural Disaster Risk - photo 9
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World Atlas of Natural Disaster Risk - photo 12
World Atlas of Natural Disaster Risk - photo 13
World Atlas of Natural Disaster Risk - photo 14
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