Bardin - Epistemology and political philosophy in Gilbert Simondon : individuation, technics, social systems
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This combination of historiography and theory offers the growing Anglophone readership interested in the ideas of Gilbert Simondon a thorough and unprecedented survey of the French philosopher{u2019}s entire oeuvre. The publication, which breaks new ground in its thoroughness and breadth of analysis, systematically traces the interconnections between Simondon{u2019}s philosophy of science and technology on the one hand, and his political philosophy on the other. The author sets Simondon{u2019}s ideas in the context of the epistemology of the late 1950s and the 1960s in France, the milieu that shaped a generation of key French thinkers such as Deleuze, Foucault and Derrida. This volume explores Simondon{u2019}s sources, which were as eclectic as they were influential: from the philosophy of Bergson to the cybernetics of Wiener, from the phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty to the epistemology of Canguilhem, and from Bachelard{u2019}s philosophy of science to the positivist sociology and anthropology of luminaries such as Durkheim and Leroi-Gourhan. It also tackles aspects of Simondon{u2019}s philosophy that relate to Heidegger and Elull in their concern with the ontological relationship between technology and society, and discusses key scholars of Simondon such as Barthelemy, Combes, Stiegler, and Virno, as well as the work of contemporary protagonists in the philosophical debate on the relevance of technique. The author{u2019}s intimate knowledge of Simondon{u2019}s language allows him to resolve many of the semantic errors and misinterpretations that have plagued reactions to Simondon{u2019}s many philosophical neologisms, often drawn from his scientific studies. Read more...
Abstract: This combination of historiography and theory offers the growing Anglophone readership interested in the ideas of Gilbert Simondon a thorough and unprecedented survey of the French philosopher{u2019}s entire oeuvre. The publication, which breaks new ground in its thoroughness and breadth of analysis, systematically traces the interconnections between Simondon{u2019}s philosophy of science and technology on the one hand, and his political philosophy on the other. The author sets Simondon{u2019}s ideas in the context of the epistemology of the late 1950s and the 1960s in France, the milieu that shaped a generation of key French thinkers such as Deleuze, Foucault and Derrida. This volume explores Simondon{u2019}s sources, which were as eclectic as they were influential: from the philosophy of Bergson to the cybernetics of Wiener, from the phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty to the epistemology of Canguilhem, and from Bachelard{u2019}s philosophy of science to the positivist sociology and anthropology of luminaries such as Durkheim and Leroi-Gourhan. It also tackles aspects of Simondon{u2019}s philosophy that relate to Heidegger and Elull in their concern with the ontological relationship between technology and society, and discusses key scholars of Simondon such as Barthelemy, Combes, Stiegler, and Virno, as well as the work of contemporary protagonists in the philosophical debate on the relevance of technique. The author{u2019}s intimate knowledge of Simondon{u2019}s language allows him to resolve many of the semantic errors and misinterpretations that have plagued reactions to Simondon{u2019}s many philosophical neologisms, often drawn from his scientific studies
Abstract: This combination of historiography and theory offers the growing Anglophone readership interested in the ideas of Gilbert Simondon a thorough and unprecedented survey of the French philosopher{u2019}s entire oeuvre. The publication, which breaks new ground in its thoroughness and breadth of analysis, systematically traces the interconnections between Simondon{u2019}s philosophy of science and technology on the one hand, and his political philosophy on the other. The author sets Simondon{u2019}s ideas in the context of the epistemology of the late 1950s and the 1960s in France, the milieu that shaped a generation of key French thinkers such as Deleuze, Foucault and Derrida. This volume explores Simondon{u2019}s sources, which were as eclectic as they were influential: from the philosophy of Bergson to the cybernetics of Wiener, from the phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty to the epistemology of Canguilhem, and from Bachelard{u2019}s philosophy of science to the positivist sociology and anthropology of luminaries such as Durkheim and Leroi-Gourhan. It also tackles aspects of Simondon{u2019}s philosophy that relate to Heidegger and Elull in their concern with the ontological relationship between technology and society, and discusses key scholars of Simondon such as Barthelemy, Combes, Stiegler, and Virno, as well as the work of contemporary protagonists in the philosophical debate on the relevance of technique. The author{u2019}s intimate knowledge of Simondon{u2019}s language allows him to resolve many of the semantic errors and misinterpretations that have plagued reactions to Simondon{u2019}s many philosophical neologisms, often drawn from his scientific studies
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Part I
Nature and Knowledge
Nature and Knowledge
Gilbert Simondon has been known as a philosopher of technics since his Du mode dexistence des objets techniques [On the Mode of Existence of Technical Objects] (MEOT) was published in 1958. Recently, after the posthumous first complete edition of his main work Lindividuation la lumire des notions de forme et dinformation [Individuation in the Light of the Notions of Form and Information] ( Individuation ), Simondons thought has become considered by scholars concerned with the connection between epistemology, ontology and political philosophy. Taking into account the entire corpus of Simondons oeuvre the whole of his published works plus some unedited documents and making substantial use of its sources, this book aims at showing the articulated interconnection between his philosophy of science and technology and his political philosophy. The book consists of three sections concerning different aspects of his research: (1) ontology and epistemology of individuation; (2) biological and social systems; (3) anthropology, technics and politics.
The first section analyses Simondons attempt to re-configure the theoretical apparatus of philosophy according to some concepts he derived following in the footsteps of his master Merleau-Ponty from scientific and epistemological thought, especially physics of quanta , thermodynamics and cybernetics. The second section shows the impact of biological concepts on the theorisation of the genesis and functioning of social systems, and the peculiar role played by technics in social dynamics. Simondons main philosophical references in this field are Henri Bergsons biological and social theories, George Canguilhems philosophy of life sciences and technics, Norbert Wieners cybernetics of society and Leroi-Gourhans palaeoanthropology. The third section of the book concerns the broader relationship between French epistemology and the conceptual renewal it elicited in the social and political field. I highlight Simondons debts to the French sociological tradition, beginning with Mauss and Durkheim, and the way he posed the political problem outside of any positivistic faith in the power of technological progress and, at the same time, against the political regression inspired by Heideggers anti-technological stance.
Simondons view on the complex nature of social processes derives from his adoption of the paradigm of quantum physics to the study of social systems. Although he does not always make it explicit, a conception of human nature as a work in progress is implicit in his epistemology. Hence his philosophy allows for a critique of the modern imagination both ideological and scientific of the contraposition between individuals and society, and can be a useful tool for questioning the contemporary relation between technological and social innovation in complex societies.
Footnotes
At the time two theses were scheduled for a PhD, which preceded the entrance into French academia. While MEOT, the second thesis, directed by Georges Canguilhem, was immediately published in 1958, thus making Simondon known as a philosopher of technology, Individuation , the principal dissertation, directed by Jean Hyppolite, underwent a quite complicated editorial process (for a brief summary of it, see the note in the appendix to this volume). Simondons texts will be quoted according to the list of abbreviations.
Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015
Andrea Bardin Epistemology and Political Philosophy in Gilbert Simondon Philosophy of Engineering and Technology 10.1007/978-94-017-9831-0_11. Elements for a Philosophy of Individuation
Andrea Bardin 1, 2
(1)
Brunel University London, London, UK
(2)
Centre international des tudes simondoniennes MSH Paris-Nord, Paris, France
Keywords
Simondon and Quantum Physics Simondon and De Broglie Metastability Transduction AllagmaticsIn the title Individuation in the Light of the Notions of Form and Information , the concepts of form and information clearly indicate a theoretical progression toward the concept of individuation: form and information are a direct reference to the epistemological frameworks of Gestalttheorie and cybernetics respectively, in relation to which Simondon builds his own thesis. This chapter introduces the terms which constitute Simondons jargon, showing how they are derived from and related to various fields of scientific research, and explaining their function in Simondons philosophy. Crucial to his discourse are the philosophical notions of individual and individuation which, extended to every domain of being, Simondon proposes as the ontological foundations for a philosophical approach to what he calls a process of individuation or ontogenesis.
1.1 The Individual as a System: Structure and Operation
The centrality of the concept of individuation works as a counterpoint of Simondons critique to the traditional concepts of form, matter, substance and cause. An extension likely to prompt the further observation of Canguilhem, his directeur de thse for MEOT, according to whom
From the philosophical point of view, it would be a question of a new kind of Aristotelianism, on the condition, of course, that Aristotelian psychobiology and the modern technology of transmission would not be confused. (Canguilhem
Since individual is a heavily layered term in the philosophical tradition, it should therefore be carefully redefined. I shall start from two successive and apparently contradictory definitions provided by Simondon, in order to set the conditions for their compatibility. The first definition appears in Analyse des critres de lindividualit [Analysis of Individuality Criteria], where Simondon states that there can be no science but of the individual , this will be the epistemological consequence of our enquiry (AI 553); the second appears in Individuation , where Simondon claims that to be rigorous, one should not speak of individual, but rather of individuation (I 191). It is quite clear that only a redefinition of the concept of individual could make sense of the above statements and allow the construction of a philosophy of the processes of individuation, although it is worth underlining immediately that Simondon could not avoid an equivocal use of the term individual throughout his main work.
To formalize the complex status of the individual, Simondon uses, especially in the two programmatic texts, the terms structure and operation. As for structure , the individual can always be considered a phase-shift [ dphas ] system; Simondon borrows the term phase from physics and chemistry to indicate how different processes, parallel, divergent or convergent, are simultaneously taking place in a system. As for operation , the individual is necessarily involved in transductive processes; the concept of transduction has origins both biological (contamination) and technological (amplification), and refers to a mode of propagation a non-deterministic sequence, presenting gaps and discontinuities. The individual is therefore defined in relation to both a phase-shift spatiality and a transductive temporality and, in addition, by the capability of producing further transformations in itself and in its own milieu. In Simondons jargon, the individual is more or less metastable: the term metastability, derived from thermodynamics, defines a system not on the basis of its stable form, but in relation to the potential energy involved in its precarious but still lasting equilibrium.
I will return analytically to each of these points, since the terms Simondon derives from the natural sciences force a considerable effort on the reader in order to reconfigure his philosophical imagination. What I would like to stress at this point is how this double status of the individual as a structure and as a process emphasises the crisis of the category of identity. In fact, the concept of a metastable system forces us to reconsider the notion of individual in terms of individuation (i.e. a complex and discontinuous system of processes) and denies any possibility of referring to any identity of being in itself:
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