Lawrence J. McCaffrey - The Irish Catholic Diaspora in America
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Published originally in 1976 as The Irish Diaspora in America by Indiana University Press. Reprinted in 1984 by The Catholic University of America Press. This edition is revised.
Copyright 1976, 1984, 1997 The Catholic University of America Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standards for Information SciencePermanence of Paper for Printed Library materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
McCaffrey, Lawrence John, 1925 The Irish Catholic diaspora in America / Lawrence J. McCaffrey. p. cm. Rev. ed. of: The Irish diaspora in America, 1984. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Irish AmericansHistory. 2. CatholicsUnited States History. 3. ImmigrantsUnited StatesHistory. I. McCaffrey, Lawrence John, 1925 Irish diaspora in America. II. Title. E184.16M345 1997 973'.049162dc21 97-9720 ISBN 0-8132-0896-3 (alk. paper)
Page v
To my father and mother: John Thomas and Alma Ellen McCaffrey, in gratitude; and my children: Kevin, Sheila, and Patricia McCaffrey, in hope
Page vii
CONTENTS
Preface
ix
Introduction
1
Part I. The Irish Cultural, Political, Social, and Religious Heritages
1. Ireland: English Conquest and Protestant Ascendancy, 1170-1801
13
2. Ireland: The Rise of Irish Nationalism, 1801-1850
33
Part II. American Experiences
3. Emigrants and Immigrants
63
4. Communities in Conflict: American Nativists and Irish Catholics
91
5. Irish-American Politics
116
6. Irish America and the Course of Irish Nationalism
138
7. From Ghetto to Suburbs: From Someplace to Noplace?
169
Endnotes
201
Recommended Reading
213
Index
241
Page ix
PREFACE
Since The Irish Diaspora in America first appeared in 1976, university and commercial presses and scholarly journals have published a number of quality books and articles on Irish America in national and regional contexts. These and continuing changes in the Irish-American situation have persuaded me to take a fresh look at an ethnic experience that I began to research and write about more than twenty years ago. Although I am not necessarily pleased with all of its current aspects, I am considerably more optimistic about the preservation of an Irish-American identity than I was in 1976. I am still convinced that Catholic culture and values largely shaped that identity, but I am also aware that a majority of people in the United States who now define themselves as Irish or partly Irish are not Catholic. Because I write about the Irish who trace their lineage to Catholic immigrants, I have changed the title of this revision to The Irish Catholic Diaspora in America. Although my knowledge and interpretation of Irish-American Catholics comes from the contributions of many scholars, for the sake of readability I have been economical in the use of notes and have paid tribute to the people I have learned from in an extended "Recommended Reading" section.
Page 1
INTRODUCTION: IRISH PIONEERS OF THE AMERICAN GHETTO
From 1820 to 1920, about five million people born in Ireland entered the United States; about 75 percent were Catholic. Before and during the Great Famine of the 1840s, a number of families crossed the Atlantic. After 1850 most people leaving Ireland were young and single. In the early and middle stages of Irish emigration, males slightly outnumbered females. By the close of the nineteenth century, more women than men went to America.
For the most part, members of the Irish Catholic Diaspora came from rural backgrounds. Among those who settled in Canada, Australia, or New Zealand, quite a few decided to farm. But most of those selecting the United States as their destination, like those who chose Britain, settled in industrial and transportation centers. As pioneers of the American urban ghetto, they previewed the experiences of almost every other ethnic, religious, and racial minority that followed their trail.1
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