Niraj Verma - Similarities, Connections, and Systems: The Search for a New Rationality for Planning and Management

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title	:	Similarities, Connections, and Systems : The Search for a New Rationality for Planning and Management
author	:	Verma, Niraj.
publisher	:	Lexington Books
isbn10 | asin	:	0739100009
print isbn13	:	9780739100004
ebook isbn13	:	9780585202297
language	:	English
subject	Decision making, Management.
publication date	:	1998
lcc	:	HD30.23.V48 1998eb
ddc	:	658.4/03
subject	:	Decision making, Management.

Page i Similarities, Connections, and Systems The Search for a New Rationality for Planning and Management Niraj Verma Foreword by C. West Churchman LEXINGTON BOOKS Lanham Boulder New York Oxford

Page ii Disclaimer: Some images in the original hard copy book are not available for inclusion in the netLibrary eBook. LEXINGTON BOOKS Published in the United States of America by Lexington Books 4720 Boston Way, Lanham, Maryland 20706 12 Hid's Copse Road Comnor Hill, Oxford OX2 9JJ, England Copyright 1998 by Lexington Books All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic mechanical, photocopying recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Verma, Niraj. Similarities, connections, and systems: the search for a new rationality for planning and management / by Niraj Verma.p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7391-0000-9 (hardcover: alk. paper) 1. Decision-making. 2. Management. I. Title. II. Series. HD 30.23.V48 1998 97-44546 658.4'03dc21 Printed in the Unwed States of America The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials ANSI Z39.48-1984.

Page iii CONTENTS Foreword C. West Churchman xi Preface xv Acknowledgments xix The Author xxiii 1. Introduction: The Problem of Rationality in the Professions 1 Part One The New Rationality and the Professions 2. Rigor and Efficiency in Analytic Reasoning 17 3. Comprehensiveness and Systemic Reasoning in Planning and Management 41 4. Lessons from William James: A Pragmatic Synthesis 63 Part Two From Systems to Similarities 5. Interconnections and Similarities 85 6. Connecting Theories of the Firm: Similarities in Practice 106 7. The Method of Similarity A Purposive Rationality for Planning and Management 127 Notes 133 References 143 Index 153

Page v FOREWORD C. West Churchman It may help to explain what kind of writer of forewords I am, especially for a book like this. I like to write forewords that are advertisements and that attract the intellect of a possible reader especially if a reader has a strong curiosity about the true and the good, and how they get tangled together. I am a logician, and I like to study how other humans use logic. As Aristotle discovered twenty-five hundred years ago, humans use logic in very peculiar ways, some of them hilarious, some dangerous. Now some logicians are actually "logic doctors" and try to cure logic diseases, which Aristotle called "fallacies." That's what Niraj is about in this book. This book is about the relation "is similar to." Niraj wants to use that idea to help you think fruitfully, as any suggestion should. I'll take you on a trial run. During World War II, I worked in a U.S. Army ordinance laboratory. My first problem was to determine whether the army was testing bullets properly for misfires. You can tell that this was an important problem by imagining you are a GI walking through a hot jungle and see an enemy sniper in a treeyou both aim at each other, and his gun goes "bang!" and yours goes ''click." Your bullet misfired, his didn't, and what happened to you? At that time, what the army did was to test one hundred primers from a lot of twenty-five thousand or so, and if all went off, they accepted the lot and put them into bullets. Was this a good test? Suppose a lot of twenty-five thousand pieces comes along with 1 percent misfires. Would they be likely to be spotted by this test? This translates into a bet: if the probability of a misfire is one in one hundred, what's the probability of one hundred correct fires in a row? The answer is alarmingly high (about one in three).

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